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Blair RE, Hawkins E, Pinchbeck LR, DeLorenzo RJ, Deshpande LS. Chronic Epilepsy and Mossy Fiber Sprouting Following Organophosphate-Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:325-332. [PMID: 37643794 PMCID: PMC10801751 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are highly toxic and include pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. OP exposure inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, causing cholinergic overstimulation that can evolve into status epilepticus (SE) and produce lethality. Furthermore, OP-induced SE survival is associated with mood and memory dysfunction and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we assessed hippocampal pathology and chronic SRS following SE induced by administration of OP agents paraoxon (2 mg/kg, s.c.), diisopropyl fluorophosphate (4 mg/kg, s.c.), or O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB; sarin) (2 mg/kg, s.c.), immediately followed by atropine and 2-PAM. At 1-hour post-OP-induced SE onset, midazolam was administered to control SE. Approximately 6 months after OP-induced SE, SRS were evaluated using video and electroencephalography monitoring. Histopathology was conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), while silver sulfide (Timm) staining was used to assess mossy fiber sprouting (MFS). Across all the OP agents, over 60% of rats that survived OP-induced SE developed chronic SRS. H&E staining revealed a significant hippocampal neuronal loss, while Timm staining revealed extensive MFS within the inner molecular region of the dentate gyrus. This study demonstrates that OP-induced SE is associated with hippocampal neuronal loss, extensive MFS, and the development of SRS, all hallmarks of chronic epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Models of organophosphate (OP)-induced SE offer a unique resource to identify molecular mechanisms contributing to neuropathology and the development of chronic OP morbidities. These models could allow the screening of targeted therapeutics for efficacious treatment strategies for OP toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Blair
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Elisa Hawkins
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lauren R Pinchbeck
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Robert J DeLorenzo
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laxmikant S Deshpande
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Talpur FN, Unar A, Bhatti SK, Alsawalha L, Fouad D, Bashir H, Afridi HI, Ataya FS, Jefri OA, Bashir MS. Bioremediation of Neonicotinoid Pesticide, Imidacloprid, Mediated by Bacillus cereus. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:951. [PMID: 37627836 PMCID: PMC10451882 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid, a toxic pesticide of the chloronicotinyl category, is employed extensively in agricultural fields, and its exposure causes serious health issues. Biodegradation is considered to be a green and economical approach to remediate pesticides. Herein, imidacloprid degradation efficiency of Bacillus sp. is highlighted, among which Bacillus cereus exhibited the greatest degradation; optimization of experimental variables (pH, imidacloprid and agitation time) via Box-Behnken factorial design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed 92% biodegradation at the initial substrate concentration of 0.03 mM, aerobically in 11 days under favorable pH 7. The subsequent metabolites, identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, were 5-hydroxy imidacloprid, imidacloprid-guanidine and 6-chloronicotinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Naz Talpur
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (S.K.B.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Ahsanullah Unar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei 230052, China;
| | - Sana Kanwal Bhatti
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (S.K.B.); (H.I.A.)
| | | | - Dalia Fouad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Humaira Bashir
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan;
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (S.K.B.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Farid Shokry Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ohoud A. Jefri
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 2158, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sohail Bashir
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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