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Woo W, Kipkorir V, Marza AM, Hamouri S, Albawaih O, Dhali A, Kim W, Udwadia ZF, Nashwan AJ, Shaikh N, Belletti A, Landoni G, Palumbo D, Swed S, Sawaf B, Buonsenso D, Pimenta I, Gonzalez FA, Fiorentino G, Rashid Ali MRS, Quincho-Lopez A, Javanbakht M, Alhakeem A, Khan MM, Shah S, Rafiee MJ, Padala SRAN, Diebel S, Song SH, Kang DY, Moon DH, Lee HS, Yang J, Flower L, Yon DK, Lee SW, Shin JI, Lee S, International COVID-19 Pneumothorax Working Group (ICP-WG). Prognosis of Spontaneous Pneumothorax/Pneumomediastinum in Coronavirus Disease 2019: The CoBiF Score. J Clin Med 2022; 11:7132. [PMID: 36498706 PMCID: PMC9739102 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum are associated with high mortality in invasively ventilated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients; however, the mortality rates among non-intubated patients remain unknown. We aimed to analyze the clinical features of COVID-19-associated pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum in non-intubated patients and identify risk factors for mortality. Methods: We searched PubMed Scopus and Embase from January 2020 to December 2021. We performed a pooled analysis of 151 patients with no invasive mechanical ventilation history from 17 case series and 87 case reports. Subsequently, we developed a novel scoring system to predict in-hospital mortality; the system was further validated in multinational cohorts from ten countries (n = 133). Results: Clinical scenarios included pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum at presentation (n = 68), pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum onset during hospitalization (n = 65), and pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum development after recent COVID-19 treatment (n = 18). Significant differences were not observed in clinical outcomes between patients with pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax (±pneumomediastinum). The overall mortality rate of pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum was 23.2%. Risk factor analysis revealed that comorbidities bilateral pneumothorax and fever at pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum presentation were predictors for mortality. In the new scoring system, i.e., the CoBiF system, the area under the curve which was used to assess the predictability of mortality was 0.887. External validation results were also promising (area under the curve: 0.709). Conclusions: The presence of comorbidity bilateral pneumothorax and fever on presentation are significantly associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum. The CoBiF score can predict mortality in clinical settings as well as simplify the identification and appropriate management of patients at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Woo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Vincent Kipkorir
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Adina Maria Marza
- Department of Surgery, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Shadi Hamouri
- Department of General Surgery & Urology, King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of General Surgery and Special Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Al- Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Omar Albawaih
- Department of General Surgery & Urology, King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Arkadeep Dhali
- Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Wooshik Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Abdulqadir J. Nashwan
- Critical Care Department, Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital (HMGH), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha 576214, Qatar
| | - Nissar Shaikh
- Surgical Intensive Care Department, Hamad General Hospital (HGH), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha 576214, Qatar
| | - Alessandro Belletti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Palumbo
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sarya Swed
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo 15310, Syria
| | - Bisher Sawaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Doha 576214, Qatar
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Inês Pimenta
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
| | | | - Giuseppe Fiorentino
- Sub-Intensive Care Unit and Respiratory Physiopathology Department, Cotugno-Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alvaro Quincho-Lopez
- Unidad de Investigación en Bibliometría, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru
| | - Mohammad Javanbakht
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran
| | | | | | - Sangam Shah
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Moezedin Javad Rafiee
- Babak Imaging Center, Tehran 1415943953, Iran
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | - Sebastian Diebel
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Seung Hwan Song
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul 01757, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-young Kang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk Hwan Moon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Yang
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Luke Flower
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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2
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Maggialetti N, Piemonte S, Sperti E, Inchingolo F, Greco S, Lucarelli NM, De Chirico P, Lofino S, Coppola F, Catacchio C, Gravili AM, Sardaro A, Stabile Ianora AA. Iatrogenic Barotrauma in COVID-19-Positive Patients: Is It Related to the Pneumonia Severity? Prevalence and Trends of This Complication Over Time. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2493. [PMID: 36289754 PMCID: PMC9598729 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has attracted worldwide attention ever since the first case was identified in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 and was classified, at a later time, as a public health emergency of international concern in January 2020 and as a pandemic in March 2020. The interstitial pneumonia caused by COVID-19 often requires mechanical ventilation, which can lead to pulmonary barotrauma. We assessed the relationship between pneumonia severity and the development of barotrauma in COVID-19-positive patients mechanically ventilated in an intensive care unit; we therefore analyzed the prevalence of iatrogenic barotrauma and its trends over time during the pandemic in COVID-19-positive patients undergoing mechanical ventilation compared to COVID-19-negative patients, making a distinction between different types of ventilation (invasive mechanical ventilation vs. noninvasive mechanical ventilation). We compared CT findings of pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax in 104 COVID-19-positive patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit and 101 COVID-19-negative patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in the period between October 2020 and December 2021. The severity of pneumonia was not directly correlated with the development of barotrauma. Furthermore, a higher prevalence of complications due to barotrauma was observed in the group of mechanically ventilated COVID-19-postive patients vs. COVID-19-negative patients. A higher rate of barotrauma was observed in subgroups of COVID-19-positive patients undergoing mechanical ventilation compared to those treated with invasive mechanical ventilation. The prevalence of barotrauma in COVID 19-positive patients showed a decreasing trend over the period under review. CT remains an essential tool in the early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of the clinical course of SARS-CoV2 pneumonia; in evaluating the disease severity; and in the assessment of iatrogenic complications such as barotrauma pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maggialetti
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs (DSMBNOS), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Piemonte
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Sperti
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Greco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Maria Lucarelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi De Chirico
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Lofino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Coppola
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Catacchio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gravili
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Sardaro
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Amato Antonio Stabile Ianora
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
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3
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Pneumomediastinum and Pneumopericardium as Uncommon Complications of COVID-19 Infection: A Review Article. Cureus 2022; 14:e30244. [PMID: 36381752 PMCID: PMC9650929 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an emerging body of literature describing an increasing incidence of pneumomediastinum and, to a lesser extent, pneumopericardium as a complication of COVID-19. However, the literature lacks information regarding patients' characteristics and a general view of this unusual condition. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current literature on this phenomenon. In this study, we summarize the risk factors/etiology, imaging modalities, management, and prognosis of known cases in the literature. In total, 48 articles were included in the study, ranging from case reports to case series. Most patients were male (83.3%). The overall mortality rate was 27.1% and the recovery rate was 62.5%.
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Iqbal N, Malik A, Chaudhry M. The Macklin effect in COVID-19. Clin Med (Lond) 2022; 22 Suppl 4:56-57. [PMID: 38614592 PMCID: PMC9600800 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.22-4-s56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreena Iqbal
- Milton Keynes University Hospital, Milton Keynes, UK
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5
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Protrka MR, Ivanac G, Đudarić L, Vujević F, Brkljačić B. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema: Radiological aspects of rare COVID-19 complications in 3 patients. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:3237-3243. [PMID: 34377219 PMCID: PMC8343373 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM), pneumothorax (PNX) and subcutaneous emphysema are rare complications of COVID-19 pneumonia. In this paper we describe 3 cases of COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by SPM with or without PNX. Patient 1 was a 56-year-old woman whose medical history was significant for chronic leukemia. She presented with typical clinical signs of COVID-19 pneumonia and after 2 weeks of hospitalization she developed SPM and subcutaneous emphysema. The management of pneumomediastinum (PNM) was conservative and follow-up computed tomography showed resolution of PNM. Patient 2 was a 67-year-old man presenting with fever, cough and dyspnea. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography was performed after 2 weeks of hospitalization and showed bilateral peripheral consolidations together with massive PNM and right-sided PNX. Thoracic drainage catheter was inserted in his right chest. Despite all supportive care, the patient succumbed to illness. Patient 3 was a 74-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital with COVID-19 pneumonia and spontaneous right-sided PNX. A thoracic drainage catheter was inserted immediately and then removed after ten days which has led to progression of subcutaneous emphysema, PNX and newly diagnosed PNM. Patient was carefully monitored for the next 2 weeks. Follow-up chest x-ray showed regression of PNM and PNX. SPM, PNX and subcutaneous emphysema are rare complications of COVID-19 pneumonia. Increased alveolar pressure and diffuse alveolar injury in severe COVID-19 pneumonia may make the alveoli more prone to rupturing which leads to gas dissemination along the peribronchovascular sheath to the mediastinum. Most cases of SPM and PNX resolve with conservative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Radeljak Protrka
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Šuška 6b, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Gordana Ivanac
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Šuška 6b, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Đudarić
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Šuška 6b, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital Pula/Dipartimento di Radiologia, Ospedale Generale di Pola, Pula/Pola, Croatia
| | - Filip Vujević
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Šuška 6b, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Boris Brkljačić
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Šuška 6b, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Abstract
From the mere outlook of the ongoing pandemic, coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2) seems to target mainly the respiratory system, but more evolving evidence has advocated its multi-organ involvement. While various complications have been reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SP) remains an uncommon complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreena Iqbal
- Internal Medicine, Milton Keynes University Trust Hospital, Milton Keynes, GBR
| | - Ayesha Malik
- Internal Medicine, Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore, PAK
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7
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Jafari R, Cegolon L, Dehghanpoor F, Javanbakht M, Tabatabaei SMH. Typical Covid-19 case with primary pneumomediastinum in a 37 year old male. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:2286-2288. [PMID: 33995745 PMCID: PMC8106896 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 37-year-old man who was admitted to Baqiyatallah hospital in Tehran (Iran) for retrosternal pain, fever, fatigue, dyspnoea and severe non-productive cough. The patient was subsequently confirmed as positive for COVID-19 at real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed also the presence of pneumomediastinum. This case highlights the importance of chest CT imaging for COVID-19 pneumonia to detect co-existing conditions as pneumomediastinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramezan Jafari
- Department of Radiology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luca Cegolon
- Public Health Department, Local Health Unit N. 2 "Marca Trevigiana", Treviso, Italy
| | - Fatemeh Dehghanpoor
- Department of Radiology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javanbakht
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Behzadnia MJ, Samim A, Saboori F, Asadi M, Javanbakht M. Simultaneous spontaneous pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium in a critically ill patient with COVID-19. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:3147-3151. [PMID: 34345323 PMCID: PMC8321708 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Case in the paper is of a 24-year-old woman presenting to Baqiyatallah hospital, Tehran, Iran with the occasional fever, weakness, myalgia, fatigue, body aches, and headache who was diagnosed with Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) PCR test. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) and pneumopericardium (SPP). Here, we described SPM, and SPP in a patient with COVID-19, presenting a severe course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Samim
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saboori
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mosa Asadi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javanbakht
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kalpaxi A, Kalokairinou M, Katseli P, Savvopoulou V, Ioannidi P, Triantafyllou E, Flokatoula M, Pythara C, Papaevangelou A. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and COVID-19 pneumonia: Report of three cases with emphasis on CT imaging. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:2586-2592. [PMID: 34178187 PMCID: PMC8220909 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of coronavirus disease 2019. The published literature consists mainly of case reports and small case series. There are still many questions regarding the pathogenesis, the prognostic significance and the implications on patient management. In our hospital, 3 coronavirus disease 2019 patients developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum: 1 on admission at the emergency department and the other 2 during hospitalization. In this study we describe their clinical course and computed tomography (CT) findings. All of them had severe disease according to the total severity score on admission CT. The management of pneumomediastinum was conservative and follow-up CT showed resolution in all patients. As the correlation between extension of parenchymal lung lesions and development of pneumomediastinum is still under investigation, we highlight the importance of reporting the severity score on chest CT in order to obtain more comparable results between different studies. Furthermore, in this tragic circumstance we also had the opportunity to familiarize ourselves with the otherwise uncommon occurrence of air along the bronchovascular sheaths (Macklin effect) and evaluate the ability of CT to detect it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Kalpaxi
- Department of Radiology, Thriassio General Hospital of Elefsina, Gennimata Avenue 19600, Magoula, Athens 19600, Greece
| | - Mariana Kalokairinou
- Department of Radiology, Thriassio General Hospital of Elefsina, Gennimata Avenue 19600, Magoula, Athens 19600, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Katseli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thriassio General Hospital of Elefsina, Magoula, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Savvopoulou
- Department of Radiology, Thriassio General Hospital of Elefsina, Gennimata Avenue 19600, Magoula, Athens 19600, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Ioannidi
- Department of Radiology, Thriassio General Hospital of Elefsina, Gennimata Avenue 19600, Magoula, Athens 19600, Greece
| | - Evangelia Triantafyllou
- Department of Radiology, Thriassio General Hospital of Elefsina, Gennimata Avenue 19600, Magoula, Athens 19600, Greece
| | - Maria Flokatoula
- Department of Radiology, Thriassio General Hospital of Elefsina, Gennimata Avenue 19600, Magoula, Athens 19600, Greece
| | - Chrystalla Pythara
- Department of Radiology, Thriassio General Hospital of Elefsina, Gennimata Avenue 19600, Magoula, Athens 19600, Greece
| | - Angeliki Papaevangelou
- Department of Radiology, Thriassio General Hospital of Elefsina, Gennimata Avenue 19600, Magoula, Athens 19600, Greece
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