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Girase R, Ahmad I, Oh JM, Kim H, Mathew B, Vagolu SK, Tønjum T, Desai NC, Sriram D, Kumari J, Patel HM. Repurposing Azoles to Resolve Serotogenic Toxicity Associated with Linezolid to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1754-1759. [PMID: 38116435 PMCID: PMC10726462 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotogenic toxicity is a major hurdle associated with Linezolid in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) due to the inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes. Azole compounds demonstrate structural similarities to the recognized anti-TB drug Linezolid, making them intriguing candidates for repurposing. Therefore, we have repurposed azoles (Posaconazole, Itraconazole, Miconazole, and Clotrimazole) for the treatment of drug-resistant TB with the anticipation of their selectivity in sparing the MAO enzyme. The results of repurposing revealed that Clotrimazole showed equipotent activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv strain compared to Linezolid, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.26 μM. Additionally, Clotrimazole exhibited reasonable MIC50 values of 0.17 μM, 1.72 μM, 1.53 μM, and 5.07 μM against the inhA promoter+, katG+, rpoB+, and MDR clinical Mtb isolates, respectively, compared to Linezolid. Clotrimazole also exhibited 3.90-fold less inhibition of MAO-A and 50.35-fold less inhibition of MAO-B compared to Linezolid, suggesting a reduced serotonergic toxicity burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukaiyya
T. Girase
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra India, 4254
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra India, 4254
| | - Jong Min Oh
- Department
of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department
of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 690525, India
| | - Siva K. Vagolu
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Tønjum
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nisheeth C. Desai
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored), Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Bhavnagar 364 002, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department
of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology
and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, R. R. District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Jyothi Kumari
- Department
of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology
and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, R. R. District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Harun M. Patel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra India, 4254
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Sharma K, Ahmed F, Sharma T, Grover A, Agarwal M, Grover S. Potential Repurposed Drug Candidates for Tuberculosis Treatment: Progress and Update of Drugs Identified in Over a Decade. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17362-17380. [PMID: 37251185 PMCID: PMC10210030 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The devastating impact of Tuberculosis (TB) has been a menace to mankind for decades. The World Health Organization (WHO) End TB Strategy aims to reduce TB mortality up to 95% and 90% of overall TB cases worldwide, by 2035. This incessant urge will be achieved with a breakthrough in either a new TB vaccine or novel drugs with higher efficacy. However, the development of novel drugs is a laborious process involving a timeline of almost 20-30 years with huge expenditure; on the other hand, repurposing previously approved drugs is a viable technique for overcoming current bottlenecks in the identification of new anti-TB agents. The present comprehensive review discusses the progress of almost all the repurposed drugs that have been identified to the present day (∼100) and are in the development or clinical testing phase against TB. We have also emphasized the efficacy of repurposed drugs in combination with already available frontline anti-TB medications along with the scope of future investigations. This study would provide the researchers a detailed overview of nearly all identified anti-TB repurposed drugs and may assist them in selecting the lead compounds for further in vivo/clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Sharma
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Faraz Ahmed
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Tarina Sharma
- New
Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State
University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School
of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Meetu Agarwal
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sonam Grover
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Sharma S, Chikhale R, Shinde N, Khan AM, Gupta VK. Targeting dormant phenotype acquired mycobacteria using natural products by exploring its important targets: In vitro and in silico studies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1111997. [PMID: 37033483 PMCID: PMC10080046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dormant phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that develops during infection poses a major challenge in disease treatment, since these bacilli show tolerance to front-line drugs. An in vitro hypoxia dormancy model was established, which produced phenotypically dormant Mycobacterium smegmatis after prolonged incubation under conditions of low oxygen, low pH, and nutrient limitation. Bacilli in this model displayed the classical dormancy characters, including loss of acid fastness, altered morphology, and, most importantly, tolerance to front-line drugs. The dormant form of M. smegmatis was treated with drugs and phytomolecules. Three phytomolecules exhibited activity against dormant bacilli, as shown by lack of regrowth in solid and liquid media. Further investigation of dormancy-active hits was carried out using in silico approaches to understand the druggable targets of these phytomolecules in dormant bacilli. For this study, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), and molecular mechanics-generalized born solvent accessibility (MM-GBSA)-based binding energy (ΔGbind) calculations were performed. Five different targets, namely, isocitrate lyase (ICL), GMP synthase, LuxR, DosR, and serine/threonine protein kinase (STPK), from M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis were studied in details. DosR and STPK were found to be the common targets in both the species that were more prone to the phytomolecules. The standard DosR inhibitor, HC104A, showed a lower dock score and binding energy of -4.27 and -34.50 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the natural products under study. The phytomolecule, icariin, showed better docking score (dock score = -5.92 kcal/mol with and binding energy ΔGbind= -52.96 kcal/mol) with DosR compared to known DosR inhibitor, HC104A (dock score = -4.27 kcal/mol and binding energy ΔGbind = -34.50 kcal/mol). Similarly, the known STPK inhibitor MRCT67127 showed a lower dock score and binding energy of -4.25 and -29.43 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the phytomolecule, icariin (dock score = -5.74 kcal/mol and ΔGbind= -43.41 kcal/mol). These compounds might ultimately lead to new therapeutics or may be useful as adjuvants to the first-line drugs to reduce the lengthy anti-TB therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Rupesh Chikhale
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nivedita Shinde
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - A M Khan
- Division of Clinical Trials and Implementation Research, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
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Pyridine-N-Oxide Alkaloids from Allium stipitatum and Their Synthetic Disulfide Analogs as Potential Drug Candidates against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Molecular Docking, QSBAR, and ADMET Prediction Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6261528. [PMID: 36246961 PMCID: PMC9568345 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6261528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we consider pyridine-N-oxide alkaloids from Allium stipitatum and their synthetic disulfide analogs (PDAs) as candidates for next-generational antimycobacterial agents, in light of growing resistance to existing conventional therapies. In silico studies involving molecular docking simulations of 12 PDAs were carried out against 7 Mycobacterium tuberculosis target proteins (MTs) to determine their theoretical binding affinities. Compounds A3, A6, and B9 demonstrated stronger binding affinities on similar MTs. Molecular descriptors (MDs) describing structural and physicochemical properties of the compounds were also calculated using ChemDes, explored using Pearson's correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) in comparison with MDs from conventional antitubercular medicines. The PDAs possessed similar scores as isoniazid and pyrazinamide. The MDs were also used to conduct a quantitative structure-binding affinity relationship (QSBAR) study by building good fit and significant models through principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR). Leave-one-out cross-validation was adopted in the PLSR, resulting in good predictive models on all MTs (range of R2 = 0.7541‐0.8992; range of Q2 = 0.6183‐0.8162). Both PCR and PLSR models predicted the significant effects of ndonr, Hy, Mol wt, nhev, nring, ndb, Log P, W, Pol, ISIZ, TIAC, Getov, and UI on the binding of ligands to the MTs. In silico prediction of PDAs' ADMET profiles was conducted with QikProp utility. The ADMET profiles of the compounds were favorable. The outcome of the current study strengthens the significance of these compounds as promising lead candidates for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Overcoming the Prokaryote/Eukaryote Barrier in Tuberculosis Treatment: A Prospect for the Repurposing and Use of Antiparasitic Drugs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112335. [PMID: 34835459 PMCID: PMC8622410 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, the so-called silent pandemic, is pushing industry and academia to find novel antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of action in order to be active against susceptible and drug-resistant microorganisms. In the case of tuberculosis, the need of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs is specially challenging because of the intricate biology of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The repurposing of medicines has arisen in recent years as a fast, low-cost, and efficient strategy to identify novel biomedical applications for already approved drugs. This review is focused on anti-parasitic drugs that have additionally demonstrated certain levels of anti-tuberculosis activity; along with this, natural products with a dual activity against parasites and against M. tuberculosis are discussed. A few clinical trials have tested antiparasitic drugs in tuberculosis patients, and have revealed effective dose and toxicity issues, which is consistent with the natural differences between tuberculosis and parasitic infections. However, through medicinal chemistry approaches, derivatives of drugs with anti-parasitic activity have become successful drugs for use in tuberculosis therapy. In summary, even when the repurposing of anti-parasitic drugs for tuberculosis treatment does not seem to be an easy job, it deserves attention as a potential contributor to fuel the anti-tuberculosis drug pipeline.
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Li ZW, Zhong CY, Wang XR, Li SN, Pan CY, Wang X, Sun XY. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antitumor Activity of Novel 1-(4-Substituted phenyl)-2-ethyl Imidazole Apoptosis Inducers In Vitro. Molecules 2020; 25:E4293. [PMID: 32962127 PMCID: PMC7570620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel imidazole derivatives were designed, prepared, and evaluated in vitro for antitumor activity. The majority of the tested derivatives showed improved antiproliferative activity compared to the positive control drugs 5-FU and MTX. Among them, compound 4f exhibited outstanding antiproliferative activity against three cancer cell lines and was considerably more potent than both 5-FU and MTX. In particular, the selectivity index indicated that the tolerance of normal L-02 cells to 4f was 23-46-fold higher than that of tumor cells. This selectivity was significantly higher than that exhibited by the positive control drugs. Furthermore, compound 4f induced cell apoptosis by increasing the protein expression levels of Bax and decreasing those of Bcl-2 in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, 4f could be a potential candidate for the development of a novel antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Wang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technique, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China; (Z.-W.L.); (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-R.W.); (S.-N.L.); (C.-Y.P.); (X.W.)
| | - Chun-Yan Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technique, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China; (Z.-W.L.); (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-R.W.); (S.-N.L.); (C.-Y.P.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiao-Ran Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technique, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China; (Z.-W.L.); (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-R.W.); (S.-N.L.); (C.-Y.P.); (X.W.)
| | - Shi-Nian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technique, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China; (Z.-W.L.); (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-R.W.); (S.-N.L.); (C.-Y.P.); (X.W.)
| | - Chun-Yuan Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technique, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China; (Z.-W.L.); (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-R.W.); (S.-N.L.); (C.-Y.P.); (X.W.)
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technique, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China; (Z.-W.L.); (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-R.W.); (S.-N.L.); (C.-Y.P.); (X.W.)
| | - Xian-Yu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technique, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China; (Z.-W.L.); (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-R.W.); (S.-N.L.); (C.-Y.P.); (X.W.)
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu, China
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Potential anti-TB investigational compounds and drugs with repurposing potential in TB therapy: a conspectus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5633-5662. [PMID: 32372202 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The latest WHO report estimates about 1.6 million global deaths annually from TB, which is further exacerbated by drug-resistant (DR) TB and comorbidities with diabetes and HIV. Exiguous dosing, incomplete treatment course, and the ability of the tuberculosis bacilli to tolerate and survive current first-line and second-line anti-TB drugs, in either their latent state or active state, has resulted in an increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR-TB). Although a better understanding of the TB microanatomy, genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, has resulted in the discovery of a few novel promising anti-TB drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers of late, no new anti-TB drug candidates have been approved for routine therapy in over 50 years, with only bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid recently receiving tentative regulatory approval. Considering this, alternative approaches for identifying possible new anti-TB drug candidates, for effectively eradicating both replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are still urgently required. Subsequently, several antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs with known treatment indications (TB targeted and non-TB targeted) are now being repurposed and/or derivatized as novel antibiotics for possible use in TB therapy. Insights gathered here reveal that more studies focused on drug-drug interactions between licensed and potential lead anti-TB drug candidates need to be prioritized. This write-up encapsulates the most recent findings regarding investigational compounds with promising anti-TB potential and drugs with repurposing potential in TB therapy.
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Fan L, Wu X, Jin C, Li F, Xiong S, Dong Y. MptpB Promotes Mycobacteria Survival by Inhibiting the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Cell Apoptosis in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:171. [PMID: 29888212 PMCID: PMC5981270 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a severe contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). To develop new vaccines and medicine against TB, there is an urgent need to provide insights into the mechanisms by which Mtb induces tuberculosis. In this study, we found that secreted Mtb virulence factor MptpB significantly enhanced the survival of H37Rv in macrophages. MptpB suppressed the production of iNOS, the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6, as well as the apoptosis of the macrophage in Mtb infected RAW264.7 cells. Mechanism investigation showed that MptpB simultaneously hampered the NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways, evidenced by its blocking of p65, IKKα, Erk1/2, and p38 phosphorylation induced by Mtb infection. MptpB also inhibited host cell p53 expression. The results demonstrated that MptpB contributed to the survival of H37Rv by inhibiting host inflammatory responses and apoptosis through impeding the NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways and p53 expression in the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengge Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanshu Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
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