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Scherer JN, Vasconcelos M, Dalanhol CS, Govoni B, Dos Santos BP, Borges GR, de Gouveia GC, Viola PP, Carlson RLR, Martins AF, Costa JL, Huestis MA, Pechansky F. Reliability of roadside oral fluid testing devices for ∆ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆ 9-THC) detection. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:1528-1536. [PMID: 38440942 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) is increasing worldwide, and cannabis is the most prevalent drug after alcohol in impaired driving cases, emphasizing the need for a reliable traffic enforcement strategy. ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) detection in oral fluid has great potential for identifying recent cannabis use; however, additional data are needed on the sensitivities, specificities, and efficiencies of different oral fluid devices for detecting cannabinoids at the roadside by police during routine traffic safety enforcement efforts. At the roadside, 8945 oral fluid THC screening tests were performed with four devices: AquilaScan®, Dräger DrugTest®, WipeAlyser Reader®, and Druglizer®. A total of 530 samples screened positive for THC (5.9%) and were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at multiple cutoff concentrations (2 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, and manufacturers' recommended device cutoffs) to investigate device performance. Results varied substantially, with sensitivities of 0%-96.8%, specificities of 89.8%-98.5%, and efficiencies of 84.3%-97.8%. The Dräger DrugTest® outperformed the other devices with a 96.8% sensitivity, 97.1% specificity, and 97.0% efficiency at a 5-ng/mL LC-MS/MS confirmation cutoff. The WipeAlyser Reader® had good performance with a 91.4% sensitivity, 97.2% specificity, and 96.4% efficiency. AquilaScan® and Druglizer® had unacceptable performance for cannabinoid detection, highlighted by sensitivity <13%. The choice of roadside oral fluid testing device must offer good analytical performance for cannabinoids because of its high prevalence of use and impact on road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Nichterwitz Scherer
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Mailton Vasconcelos
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Govoni
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pereira Dos Santos
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Ramos Borges
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Pacheco Viola
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Franco Martins
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Severna Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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