Central Nervous System Vasculitis: Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System and Central Nervous System Manifestations of Systemic Vasculitis

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system with renal involvement: a case report and literature review

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a highly aggressive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The clinical manifestations and imaging of this disease are nonspecific, making diagnosis challenging. We report a case of a patient with recurrent stroke-like symptoms, primarily characterized by hemiplegia, vertigo, ataxia, and proteinuria. Brain MRI revealed multiple cerebral infarctions, microbleeds, and meningeal enhancement. Ultimately, the patient was diagnosed with IVLBCL through a brain tissue biopsy, and involvement of the kidneys was suspected. We suggest considering IVLBCL in patients who present with recurrent stroke-like symptoms, fluctuating neurological deficits, the aforementioned MRI findings, and involvement of other organs. Additionally, central nervous system vasculitis(CNSV) may represent a transitional manifestation of the disease. Pathological biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. We hope that through this case, doctors can gain a deeper understanding of IVLBCL, enabling early diagnosis and timely treatment to improve prognosis.

Imaging of Small Artery Vasculitis

Small artery vasculitis of the CNS is a rare and serious condition characterized by the inflammation of blood vessels within the brain and spinal cord. There are two groups of small artery vasculitis determined by the presence or absence of immunoglobulin complex deposition in the vessel wall. The former includes anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, and IgA vasculitis. Absence of immune complex deposition is associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and includes microscopic polyangiitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and primary angiitis of the CNS. These conditions present a diagnostic challenge in which imaging plays a crucial role.

Autoimmune Disease-Related Dry Eye Diseases and Their Placement Under the Revised Classification Systems: An Update

Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic and progressive disorder involving the ocular surface, characterized by disturbances in tear film composition, instability of the tear film, and inflammation of the ocular surface. There are two forms of DED: aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) and evaporative dry eye (EDE). Autoimmune diseases are systemic disorders involving multiple organs, including the eyes, and have a significant impact on DED. There have been multiple studies demonstrating the relation between autoimmune diseases and DED. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, and treatments of autoimmune disease-related DED.