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Rossegger E, Strasser J, Höller R, Fleisch M, Berer M, Schlögl S. Wavelength Selective Multi-Material 3D Printing of Soft Active Devices Using Orthogonal Photoreactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200586. [PMID: 36107158 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoreactions provide a unique way to locally and independently control (thermo)mechanical properties and functionality of polymer networks simply by choice of the wavelength. Herein, a library of acrylate functional coumarin monomers is synthesized, which are cured by sequence-dependent wavelength orthogonality. In the presence of a long wavelength absorbing photoinitiator, the monomers undergo rapid curing by visible light induced radical chain growth polymerization. Subsequent irradiation with light in the UV-A region selectively initiates the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the coumarin chromophores, which is confirmed by FTIR and UV-vis experiments. Through a well-targeted design, acrylate-based and thiol-acrylate resin formulations are prepared, whose fast curing rate, low viscosity, and prolonged storage stability enable the one-step fabrication of multi-material structures by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. By using a dual-wavelength printer, which operates at two different wavelengths (405 and 365 nm), objects comprising soft (ε = 22%, σ = 7.5 MPa) and stiff (ε = 2%, σ = 8.3 MPa) domains are printed with a single resin vat. Along with tensile properties, the wavelength selective change in the network structure features a local control of the glass transition temperature (ΔTg = 17 °C) in the 3D-printed objects. Soft active devices are fabricated by dual-wavelength DLP 3D printing, with distinct domains having a higher Tg and the local programming of multi shapes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Mathias Fleisch
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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Ahmad AA, Demirelli K. Effects of graphite oxide on thermal and electrical behaviors of coumarin‐based methacrylate copolymers: Its single chain polymer molecule via intramolecular cyclobutane formation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kadir Demirelli
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry University of Fırat Elazig Turkey
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Cazin I, Rossegger E, Guedes de la Cruz G, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Recent Advances in Functional Polymers Containing Coumarin Chromophores. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E56. [PMID: 33375724 PMCID: PMC7794725 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives have gained increased attention in the design of functional polymers and polymer networks due to their unique optical, biological, and photochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview over recent developments in macromolecular architecture and mainly covers examples from the literature published from 2004 to 2020. Along with a discussion on coumarin and its photochemical properties, we focus on polymers containing coumarin as a nonreactive moiety as well as polymer systems exploiting the dimerization and/or reversible nature of the [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction. Coumarin moieties undergo a reversible [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction upon irradiation with specific wavelengths in the UV region, which is applied to impart intrinsic healability, shape-memory, and reversible properties into polymers. In addition, coumarin chromophores are able to dimerize under the exposure to direct sunlight, which is a promising route for the synthesis and cross-linking of polymer systems under "green" and environment-friendly conditions. Along with the chemistry and design of coumarin functional polymers, we highlight various future application fields of coumarin containing polymers involving tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, soft robotics, or 4D printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Department Polymer Engineering and Science, Institute Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (G.G.d.l.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Department Polymer Engineering and Science, Institute Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (G.G.d.l.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
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Development of photoresponsive coumarin-modified ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol copolymers with antifouling behavior. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Xue H, Li X, Xia J, Lin Q. A photo-reversible crosslinking resin for additive manufacturing: reversibility and performance. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44323-44331. [PMID: 35694177 PMCID: PMC9122619 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the adhesion between layers and achieving the recycling of resins are challenges in additive manufacturing (AM) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Xue
- Fujian Engineering and Reaearch Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials
- Ocean College
- Minjiang University
- Fuzhou
- PR China
| | - Xinzhong Li
- Fujian Engineering and Reaearch Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials
- Ocean College
- Minjiang University
- Fuzhou
- PR China
| | - Jianrong Xia
- Fujian Engineering and Reaearch Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials
- Ocean College
- Minjiang University
- Fuzhou
- PR China
| | - Qi Lin
- Fujian Engineering and Reaearch Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials
- Ocean College
- Minjiang University
- Fuzhou
- PR China
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Kabb CP, O'Bryan CS, Deng CC, Angelini TE, Sumerlin BS. Photoreversible Covalent Hydrogels for Soft-Matter Additive Manufacturing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:16793-16801. [PMID: 29726251 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversible covalent chemistry provides access to robust materials with the ability to be degraded and reformed upon exposure to an appropriate stimulus. Photoresponsive units are attractive for this purpose, as the spatial and temporal application of light is easily controlled. Coumarin derivatives undergo a [2 + 2] cycloaddition upon exposure to long-wave UV irradiation (365 nm), and this process can be reversed using short-wave UV light (254 nm). Therefore, polymers cross-linked by coumarin groups are excellent candidates as reversible covalent gels. In this work, copolymerization of coumarin-containing monomers with the hydrophilic comonomer N, N-dimethylacrylamide yielded water-soluble, linear polymers that could be cured with long-wave UV light into free-standing hydrogels, even in the absence of a photoinitiator. Importantly, the gels were reverted back to soluble copolymers upon short-wave UV irradiation. This process could be cycled, allowing for recycling and remolding of the hydrogel into additional shapes. Further, this hydrogel can be imprinted with patterns through a mask-based, post-gelation photoetching method. Traditional limitations of this technique, such as the requirement for uniform etching in one direction, have been overcome by combining these materials with a soft-matter additive manufacturing methodology. In a representative application of this approach, we printed solid structures in which the interior coumarin-cross-linked gel is surrounded by a nondegradable gel. Upon exposure to short-wave UV irradiation, the coumarin-cross-linked gel was reverted to soluble prepolymers that were washed away to yield hollow hydrogel objects.
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Widyaya VT, Riga EK, Müller C, Lienkamp K. Sub-micrometer Sized, 3D-Surface-attached Polymer Networks by Microcontact Printing: Using UV-Crosslinking Efficiency to Tune Structure Height. Macromolecules 2018; 54:1409-1417. [PMID: 34404958 PMCID: PMC7611507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lateral dimensions of micro- and nanostructures obtained by microcontact printing (μCP) can be easily varied by selecting stamps with the desired spacing and pattern. However, the height of these structures cannot be tuned as easily, and in most cases only 2D structures are obtained. Here, we show how the chemical cross-linking properties of polymer inks designed for μCP can be used to obtain 3D structures with heights ranging from 3 to 750 nm using the same μCP stamps. This is technologically relevant because the ink concentration affects the quality and resolution of the printed image, and therefore can only be varied in a certain range. By exploiting the cross-linking efficiency to tune the height, an additional parameter is available to reach the desired structure height without compromising the image quality. The inks were made from copolymers containing a low percentage of different UV cross-linkable repeat units: nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD), coumarin (COU), and/or benzophenone (BP). The base polymer of the here presented model system was an antimicrobially active poly(oxanorbornene) (SMAMP), however the concept should be transferable to many other polymer backbones. We describe the fabrication and characterization of the printed micro- and nanostructures made from pure SMAMP, NBD-SMAMP, coumarin-SMAMP, BP-SMAMP, BP-NBD-SMAMP and BP-coumarin-SMAMP polymer inks. The photo-dimerization of COU during UV irradiation at λ = 254 nm was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Since NBD and COU are fluorescent, the polymer could be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, their height profiles were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The heights of the 3D surface-attached polymer networks obtained from the here presented polymer inks correlated with the gel-content of the corresponding unstructured polymer layers, and thus with the cross-linking efficiency of the NBD, COU and BP cross-linkers. Due to being covalently cross-linked, these 3D-surface attached polymer structures were solvent-stable and stable in aqueous surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Tanda Widyaya
- Bioactive Polymer Synthesis and Surface Engineering Group, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther K. Riga
- Bioactive Polymer Synthesis and Surface Engineering Group, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claas Müller
- Laboratory for Process Technology, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Bioactive Polymer Synthesis and Surface Engineering Group, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Surface modification of poly(ethylene-butyl acrylate) copolymers by microwave methodology and functionalization with 4-dimethylamino- N -(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide for acidity sensing. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Morro A, Catalina F, Corrales T, Pablos JL, Marin I, Abrusci C. New blends of ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymers with thermoplastic starch. Characterization and bacterial biodegradation. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 149:68-76. [PMID: 27261731 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) with 13% of butyl acrylate content was used to produce blends with 10, 30 and 60% of thermoplastic starch (TPS) plasticized with glycerol. Ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) was used as compatibilizer at 20% content with respect to EBA. The blends were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ATR-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), water-Contact Angle measurements (CA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Stress-strain mechanical tests. Initiated autoxidation of the polymer blends was studied by chemiluminescence (CL) confirming that the presence of the polyolefin-TPS interphase did not substantially affect the oxidative thermostability of the materials. Three bacterial species have been isolated from the blend films buried in soil and identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus borstelensis and Bacillus licheniformis. Biodegradation of the blends (28days at 45°C) was evaluated by carbon dioxide measurement using the indirect impedance technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morro
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Catalina
- Department of Applied Macromolecular Chemistry, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, C.S.I.C. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - T Corrales
- Department of Applied Macromolecular Chemistry, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, C.S.I.C. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Pablos
- Department of Applied Macromolecular Chemistry, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, C.S.I.C. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Marin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Abrusci
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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