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He Y, Yang W, Huang L, Mever MA, Ramautar R, Harms A, Rijksen Y, Brandt RM, Barnhoorn S, Smit K, Jaarsma D, Lindenburg P, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Vermeij WP, Hankemeier T. Metabolomic analysis of dietary-restriction-induced attenuation of sarcopenia in prematurely aging DNA repair-deficient mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:868-882. [PMID: 38689513 PMCID: PMC11154776 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, and is a major risk factor for disability and independence in the elderly. Effective medication is not available. Dietary restriction (DR) has been found to attenuate aging and aging-related diseases, including sarcopenia, but the mechanism of both DR and sarcopenia are incompletely understood. METHODS In this study, mice body weight, fore and all limb grip strength, and motor learning and coordination performance were first analysed to evaluate the DR effects on muscle functioning. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized for the metabolomics study of the DR effects on sarcopenia in progeroid DNA repair-deficient Ercc1∆/- and Xpg-/- mice, to identify potential biomarkers for attenuation of sarcopenia. RESULTS Muscle mass was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased (13-20%) by DR; however, the muscle quality was improved with retained fore limbs and all limbs grip strength in Ercc1∆/- and Xpg-/- mice. The LC-MS results revealed that metabolites and pathways related to oxidative-stress, that is, GSSG/GSH (P < 0.01); inflammation, that is, 9-HODE, 11-HETE (P < 0.05), PGE2, PGD2, and TXB2 (P < 0.01); and muscle growth (PGF2α) (P < 0.01) and regeneration stimulation (PGE2) (P < 0.05) are significantly downregulated by DR. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory indicator and several related metabolites, that is, β-hydroxybutyrate (P < 0.01), 14,15-DiHETE (P < 0.0001), 8,9-EET, 12,13-DiHODE, and PGF1 (P < 0.05); consumption of sources of energy (i.e., muscle and liver glycogen); and energy production pathways, that is, glycolysis (glucose, glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P) (P < 0.01), tricarboxylic acid cycle (succinyl-CoA, malate) (P < 0.001), and gluconeogenesis-related metabolite, alanine (P < 0.01), are significantly upregulated by DR. The notably (P < 0.01) down-modulated muscle growth (PGF2α) and regeneration (PGE2) stimulation metabolite and the increased consumption of glycogen in muscle and liver may be related to the significantly (P < 0.01) lower body weight and muscle mass by DR. The downregulated oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory mediators, and upregulated anti-inflammatory metabolites resulted in a lower energy expenditure, which contributed to enhanced muscle quality together with upregulated energy production pathways by DR. The improved muscle quality may explain why grip strength is maintained and motor coordination and learning performance are improved by DR in Ercc1∆/- and Xpg-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS This study provides fundamental supporting information on biomarkers and pathways related to the attenuation of sarcopenia, which might facilitate its diagnosis, prevention, and clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng He
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Wei Yang
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Luojiao Huang
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marlien Admiraal‐van Mever
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Amy Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Rijksen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Renata M.C. Brandt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteErasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Barnhoorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteErasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kimberly Smit
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Department of NeuroscienceErasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Peter Lindenburg
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Research Group Metabolomics, Leiden Center for Applied BioscienceUniversity of Applied Sciences LeidenLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteErasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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de Andrade Junior SJ, Rocha MB, Katashima CK. Examining the implications of glutathione peroxidase 4 overexpression and its impact on sarcopenia phenotypes in mice. J Physiol 2024; 602:771-772. [PMID: 38308858 DOI: 10.1113/jp285881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Biscaro Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Kiyoshi Katashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shahtout JL, Eshima H, Ferrara PJ, Maschek JA, Cox JE, Drummond MJ, Funai K. Inhibition of the skeletal muscle Lands cycle ameliorates weakness induced by physical inactivity. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:319-330. [PMID: 38123161 PMCID: PMC10834354 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) have been implicated in skeletal muscle atrophy with age and disuse. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3), an enzyme of the Lands cycle, conjugates a polyunsaturated fatty acyl chain to a lysophospholipid to form a polyunsaturated fatty acid containing phospholipid (PUFA-PL) molecule, providing substrates for LOOH propagation. Previous studies suggest that inhibition of the Lands cycle is an effective strategy to suppress LOOH. Mice with skeletal muscle-specific tamoxifen-inducible knockout of LPCAT3 (LPCAT3-MKO) were utilized to determine if muscle-specific attenuation of LOOH may alleviate muscle atrophy and weakness with disuse. METHODS LPCAT3-MKO and control mice underwent 7 days of sham or hindlimb unloading (HU model) to study muscle mass and force-generating capacity. LOOH was assessed by quantifying 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-conjugated peptides. Quantitative PCR and lipid mass spectrometry were used to validate LPCAT3 deletion. RESULTS Seven days of HU was sufficient to induce muscle atrophy and weakness concomitant to a ~2-fold increase in 4-HNE (P = 0.0069). Deletion of LPCAT3 reversed HU-induced increase in muscle 4-HNE (P = 0.0256). No difference was found in body mass, body composition, or caloric intake between genotypes. The soleus (SOL) and plantaris (PLANT) muscles of the LPCAT3-MKO mice experienced ~15% and ~40% less atrophy than controls, respectively. (P = 0.0011 and P = 0.0265). Type I and IIa SOL myofibers experienced a ~40% decrease in cross sectional area (CSA), which was attenuated to only 15% in the LPCAT3-MKO mice (P = 0.0170 and P = 0.0411, respectively). Strikingly, SOL muscles were fully protected and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles experienced a ~35% protection from HU-induced reduction in force-generating capacity in the LPCAT3-MKO mice compared with controls (P < 0.0001 for both muscles). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that attenuation of skeletal muscle lipid hydroperoxides is sufficient to restore its function, in particular a protection from reduction in muscle specific force. Our findings suggest muscle lipid peroxidation contributes to atrophy and weakness induced by disuse in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L. Shahtout
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research CenterUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Hiroaki Eshima
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research CenterUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Nagasaki International UniversitySaseboJapan
| | - Patrick J. Ferrara
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research CenterUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - J. Alan Maschek
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research CenterUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Metabolomics, Mass Spectrometry, and Proteomics CoreUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - James E. Cox
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research CenterUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Metabolomics, Mass Spectrometry, and Proteomics CoreUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research CenterUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research CenterUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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Park J, Jang J, So B, Lee K, Yeom D, Zhang Z, Shin WS, Kang C. Effects of Particulate Matter Inhalation during Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:113. [PMID: 38247536 PMCID: PMC10812725 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) has deleterious consequences not only on the respiratory system but also on essential human organs, such as the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and liver. However, the effects of PM inhalation on skeletal muscles have yet to be sufficiently elucidated. Female C57BL/6 or mt-Keima transgenic mice were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: control (CON), PM exposure alone (PM), treadmill exercise (EX), or PM exposure and exercise (PME). Mice in the three-treatment group were subjected to treadmill running (20 m/min, 90 min/day for 1 week) and/or exposure to PM (100 μg/m3). The PM was found to exacerbate oxidative stress and inflammation, both at rest and during exercise, as assessed by the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, manganese-superoxide dismutase activity, and the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio. Furthermore, we detected significant increases in the levels of in vivo mitophagy, particularly in the PM group. Compared with the EX group, a significant reduction in the level of mitochondrial DNA was recorded in the PME group. Moreover, PM resulted in a reduction in cytochrome c oxidase activity and an increase in hydrogen peroxide generation. However, exposure to PM had no significant effect on mitochondrial respiration. Collectively, our findings in this study indicate that PM has adverse effects concerning both oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in skeletal muscle and mitochondria, both at rest and during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhan Park
- Graduate School of Health and Exercise Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (J.J.); (B.S.); (K.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Junho Jang
- Graduate School of Health and Exercise Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (J.J.); (B.S.); (K.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Byunghun So
- Graduate School of Health and Exercise Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (J.J.); (B.S.); (K.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Kanggyu Lee
- Graduate School of Health and Exercise Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (J.J.); (B.S.); (K.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dongjin Yeom
- Graduate School of Health and Exercise Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (J.J.); (B.S.); (K.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport, Exercise & Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, China;
| | - Woo Shik Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA;
| | - Chounghun Kang
- Graduate School of Health and Exercise Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (J.J.); (B.S.); (K.L.); (D.Y.)
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Eshima H, Johnson JM, Funai K. Lipid peroxidation does not mediate muscle atrophy induced by PSD deficiency. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.573082. [PMID: 38187526 PMCID: PMC10769360 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Mechanisms by which disuse promotes skeletal muscle atrophy is not well understood. We previously demonstrated that disuse reduces the abundance of mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in skeletal muscle. Deletion of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PSD), an enzyme that generates mitochondrial PE, was sufficient to promote muscle atrophy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that muscle atrophy induced by PSD deletion is driven by an accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH). Mice with muscle-specific knockout of PSD (PSD-MKO) were crossed with glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) transgenic mice (GPx4Tg) to suppress the accumulation of LOOH. However, PSD-MKO × GPx4Tg mice and PSD-MKO mice demonstrated equally robust loss of muscle mass. These results suggest that muscle atrophy induced by PSD deficiency is not driven by the accumulation of LOOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Eshima
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
- Department of International Tourism, Nagasaki International University
| | - Jordan M. Johnson
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
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Xu H, Czyżowska A, Van Remmen H, Brown JL. Modulation of sarcopenia phenotypes by glutathione peroxidase 4 overexpression in mice. J Physiol 2023; 601:5277-5293. [PMID: 37878529 PMCID: PMC10871152 DOI: 10.1113/jp285259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory previously showed lipid hydroperoxides and oxylipin levels are elevated in response to loss of skeletal muscle innervation and are associated with muscle pathologies. To elucidate the pathological impact of lipid hydroperoxides, we overexpressed glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), an enzyme that targets reduction of lipid hydroperoxides in membranes, in adult CuZn superoxide dismutase knockout (Sod1KO) mice that show accelerated muscle atrophy associated with loss of innervation. The gastrocnemius muscle from Sod1KO mice shows reduced mitochondrial respiration and elevated oxidative stress (F2 -isoprostanes and hydroperoxides) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Overexpression of GPx4 improved mitochondrial respiration and reduced hydroperoxide generation in Sod1KO mice, but did not attenuate the muscle loss that occurs in Sod1KO mice. In contrast, contractile force generation is reduced in EDL muscle in Sod1KO mice relative to WT mice, and overexpression of GPx4 restored force generation to WT levels in Sod1KO mice. GPx4 overexpression also prevented loss of muscle contractility at the single fibre level in fast-twitch fibres from Sod1KO mice. Muscle fibres from Sod1KO mice were less sensitive to both depolarization and calcium at the single fibre level and exhibited a reduced activation by S-glutathionylation. GPx4 overexpression in Sod1KO mice rescued the deficits in both membrane excitability and calcium sensitivity of fast-twitch muscle fibres. Overexpression of GPx4 also restored the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase activity in Sod1KO gastrocnemius muscles. These data suggest that GPx4 plays an important role in preserving excitation-contraction coupling function and Ca2+ homeostasis, and in maintaining muscle and mitochondrial function in oxidative stress-induced sarcopenia. KEY POINTS: Knockout of CuZn superoxide dismutase (Sod1KO) induces elevated oxidative stress with accelerated muscle atrophy and weakness. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) plays a fundamental role in the reduction of lipid hydroperoxides in membranes, and overexpression of GPx4 improves mitochondrial respiration and reduces hydroperoxide generation in Sod1KO mice. Muscle contractile function deficits in Sod1KO mice are alleviated by the overexpression of GPx4. GPx4 overexpression in Sod1KO mice rescues the impaired muscle membrane excitability of fast-twitch muscle fibres and improves their calcium sensitivity. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase activity in Sod1KO muscles is decreased, and it is restored by the overexpression of GPx4. Our results confirm that GPx4 plays an important role in preserving excitation-contraction coupling function and Ca2+ homeostasis, and maintaining muscle and mitochondrial function in oxidative stress-induced sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Xu
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Agnieszka Czyżowska
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jacob L Brown
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Shahtout JL, Eshima H, Ferrara PJ, Maschek JA, Cox JE, Drummond MJ, Funai K. Inhibition of skeletal muscle Lands cycle ameliorates weakness induced by physical inactivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550576. [PMID: 37546754 PMCID: PMC10402104 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) have been implicated in skeletal muscle atrophy with age and disuse. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3), an enzyme of Lands cycle, conjugates a polyunsaturated fatty acyl chain to a lysophospholipid (PUFA-PL) molecule, providing substrates for LOOH propagation. Previous studies suggest that inhibition of Lands cycle is an effective strategy to suppress LOOH. Mice with skeletal muscle-specific tamoxifen-inducible knockout of LPCAT3 (LPCAT3-MKO) were utilized to determine if muscle-specific attenuation of LOOH may alleviate muscle atrophy and weakness with disuse. Methods LPCAT3-MKO and control mice underwent 7 days of sham or hindlimb unloading (HU model) to study muscle mass and force-generating capacity. LOOH was assessed by quantifying 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-conjugated peptides. Quantitative PCR and lipid mass spectrometry were used to validate LPCAT3 deletion. Results 7 days of HU was sufficient to induce muscle atrophy and weakness concomitant to an increase in 4-HNE. Deletion of LPCAT3 reversed HU-induced increase in muscle 4HNE. No difference was found in body mass, body composition, or caloric intake between genotypes. The soleus (SOL) and plantaris (PLANT) muscles of the LPCAT3-MKO mice were partially protected from atrophy compared to controls, concomitant to attenuated decrease in cross-sectional areas in type I and IIa fibers. Strikingly, SOL and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were robustly protected from HU-induced reduction in force-generating capacity in the LPCAT3-MKO mice compared to controls. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that attenuation of muscle LOOH is sufficient to restore skeletal muscle function, in particular a protection from reduction in muscle specific force. Thus, muscle LOOH contributes to atrophy and weakness induced by HU in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L. Shahtout
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hiroaki Eshima
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Patrick J. Ferrara
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J. Alan Maschek
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Metabolomics, Mass Spectrometry, and Proteomics Core, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. USA
| | - James E. Cox
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Metabolomics, Mass Spectrometry, and Proteomics Core, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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