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Sutariya B, Taneja N, Badgujar L, Saraf M. Modulatory effect of betanin on high glucose induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in renal proximal tubular cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:18-28. [PMID: 28214684 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Sutariya
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai, 400068, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neetika Taneja
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, Juhu Road, Santacruz (West), Mumbai 400049, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lohit Badgujar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai, 400068, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhusudan Saraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai, 400068, Maharashtra, India.
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Duressa TF, Boonen K, Huybrechts R. A quantitative peptidomics approach to unravel immunological functions of angiotensin converting enzyme in Locusta migratoria. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 235:120-129. [PMID: 27320038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Locusta migratoria angiotensin converting enzyme (LmACE) is encoded by multiple exons displaying variable number of genomic duplications. Treatments of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as peptidoglycan but not β-1-3 glucan resulted in enhanced expression of angiotensin converting enzyme in hemocytes of Locusta migratoria. No such effect was observed in fat body cells. Differential peptidomics using locust plasma samples post infection with LPS in combination with both an LmACE transcript knockdown by RNAi and a functional knockdown using captopril allowed the identification of 5 circulating LPS induced peptides which only appear in the hemolymph of locust having full LmACE functionality. As these peptides originate from larger precursor proteins such as locust hemocyanin-like protein, having known antimicrobial properties, the obtained results suggest a possible direct or indirect role of LmACE in the release of these peptides from their precursors. Additionally, this experimental setup confirmed the role of LmACE in the clearance of multiple peptides from the hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Firdissa Duressa
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Pan Y, Huang Y, Wang Z, Fang Q, Sun Y, Tong C, Peng K, Wang Y, Miao L, Cai L, Zhao Y, Liang G. Inhibition of MAPK-mediated ACE expression by compound C66 prevents STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 18:231-41. [PMID: 24330074 PMCID: PMC3930410 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A range of in vitro, experimental and clinical intervention studies have implicated an important role for hyperglycaemia-induced activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Blockade of RAS by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is an effective strategy in treating diabetic kidney diseases. However, few studies demonstrate the mechanism by which hyperglycaemia up-regulates the expression of ACE gene. Our previous studies have identified a novel curcumin analogue, (2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)cyclohexanone (C66), which could inhibit the high glucose (HG)-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in mouse macrophages. In this study, we found that the renal protection of C66 in diabetic mice was associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inactivation and ACE/angiotensin II (Ang II) down-regulation. Generally, MAPKs have been considered as a downstream signalling of Ang II and a mediator for Ang II-induced pathophysiological actions. However, using C66 and specific inhibitors as small molecule probes, in vitro experiments demonstrate that the MAPK signalling pathway regulates ACE expression under HG stimulation, which contributes to renal Ang II activation and the development of DN. This study indicates that C66 is a potential candidate of DN therapeutic agents, and more importantly, that reduction in ACE expression by MAPKs inhibition seems to be an alternative strategy for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pan
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wang Z, Ni J, Shao D, Liu J, Shen Y, Zhou L, Huang Y, Yu C, Wang J, Xue H, Lu L. Elevated transcriptional co-activator p102 mediates angiotensin II type 1 receptor up-regulation and extracellular matrix overproduction in the high glucose-treated rat glomerular mesangial cells and isolated glomeruli. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:208-17. [PMID: 23376562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
P102 is a multifunctional transcriptional co-activator. This experiment is designed to investigate the role of p102 in the activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and sequentially extracellular matrix (ECM) over synthesis in diabetic nephropathy. Rat glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) or isolated glomeruli were cultured in normal glucose (NG, 5.5mM) or high glucose (HG, 25 mM) DMEM. The generation of reactive oxygen species was measured by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe assay. The protein levels were analyzed by Western blot and the mRNA levels were evaluated by real-time PCR. HG treatment induced an increase in reactive oxygen species production. Culturing the cells in HG for 48 h, p102 mRNA and protein, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor) mRNA, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and fibronectin proteins were significantly increased. NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI blocked the HG-induced p102, TGF-β1 and fibronetcin elevations. Knockdown on p102 expression by siRNA depressed the HG-induced AT1 receptor up-regulation as well as the increases in TGF-β1 and fibronectin. In contrast, AT1 receptor antagonist candesartan did not influence p102 levels under either NG or HG condition, but blocked the HG-induced TGF-β1 and fibronectin increases. The results from isolated glomeruli were consistent with that of MCs, which showed that HG exposure stimulated the expression of p102. These results suggest that the overproduction of reactive oxygen species at the early stage of HG incubation stimulates p102 synthesis, which in turn up-regulates AT1 receptor expression. The activation of RAS stimulates TGF-β1 and fibronectin production, which further results in ECM accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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The Prorenin and (Pro)renin Receptor: New Players in the Brain Renin-Angiotensin System? Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:290635. [PMID: 23316344 PMCID: PMC3536329 DOI: 10.1155/2012/290635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the brain renin-angiotensin (RAS) system plays an essential role in
the development of hypertension, mainly through the modulation of autonomic activities
and vasopressin release. However, how the brain synthesizes angiotensin (Ang) II has
been a debate for decades, largely due to the low renin activity. This paper first
describes the expression of the vasoconstrictive arm of RAS components in the brain as
well as their physiological and pathophysiological significance. It then focus on the
(pro)renin receptor (PRR), a newly discovered component of the RAS which has a high
level in the brain. We review the role of prorenin and PRR in peripheral organs and
emphasize the involvement of brain PRR in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Some
future perspectives in PRR research are heighted with respect to novel therapeutic
target for the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Velez JCQ, Ierardi JL, Bland AM, Morinelli TA, Arthur JM, Raymond JR, Janech MG. Enzymatic processing of angiotensin peptides by human glomerular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1583-94. [PMID: 22461301 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00087.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraglomerular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is linked to the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular diseases. Glomerular podocytes and mesangial cells play distinct roles in the metabolism of angiotensin (ANG) peptides. However, our understanding of the RAS enzymatic capacity of glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) remains incomplete. We explored the mechanisms of endogenous cleavage of ANG substrates in cultured human GEnCs (hGEnCs) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and isotope-labeled peptide quantification. Overall, hGEnCs metabolized ANG II at a significantly slower rate compared with podocytes, whereas the ANG I processing rate was comparable between glomerular cell types. ANG II was the most abundant fragment of ANG I, with lesser amount of ANG-(1-7) detected. Formation of ANG II from ANG I was largely abolished by an ANG-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, whereas ANG-(1-7) formation was decreased by a prolylendopeptidase (PEP) inhibitor, but not by a neprilysin inhibitor. Cleavage of ANG II resulted in partial conversion to ANG-(1-7), a process that was attenuated by an ACE2 inhibitor, as well as by an inhibitor of PEP and prolylcarboxypeptidase. Further fragmentation of ANG-(1-7) to ANG-(1-5) was mediated by ACE. In addition, evidence of aminopeptidase N activity (APN) was demonstrated by detecting amelioration of conversion of ANG III to ANG IV by an APN inhibitor. While we failed to find expression or activity of aminopeptidase A, a modest activity attributable to aspartyl aminopeptidase was detected. Messenger RNA and gene expression of the implicated enzymes were confirmed. These results indicate that hGEnCs possess prominent ACE activity, but modest ANG II-metabolizing activity compared with that of podocytes. PEP, ACE2, prolylcarboxypeptidase, APN, and aspartyl aminopeptidase are also enzymes contained in hGEnCs that participate in membrane-bound ANG peptide cleavage. Injury to specific cell types within the glomeruli may alter the intrarenal RAS balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Q Velez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Noncanonical intracrine action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 5:435-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jak2-Independent Activation of Stat3 by Intracellular Angiotensin II in Human Mesangial Cells. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:257862. [PMID: 21915376 PMCID: PMC3171157 DOI: 10.1155/2011/257862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ang II is shown to
mediate the stimulatory effect of high glucose
on TGF-b1 and extracellular matrix proteins in
glomerular mesangial cells. Also inhibition of Ang II formation
in cell media (extracellular) and lysates
(intracellular) blocks high-glucose effects on
TGF-b1 and matrix more effectively compared to
inhibition of extracellular Ang II alone. To investigate whether
intracellular Ang II can stimulate TGF-b1 and
matrix independent of extracellular Ang II,
cultured human mesangial cells were transfected
with Ang II to increase intracellular Ang II
levels and its effects on TGF-b1 and matrix
proteins were determined. Prior to transfection,
cells were treated with candesartan to block
extracellular Ang II-induced responses via cell
membrane AT1 receptors. Transfection of cells
with Ang II resulted in increased levels of
intracellular Ang II which was accompanied by
increased production of TGF-b1, collagen IV,
fibronectin, and cell proliferation as well. On
further examination, intracellular Ang II was
found to activate Stat3 transcription factor
including increased Stat3 protein expression,
tyrosine 705 phosphorylation, and DNA-binding
activity. Treatment with AG-490, an inhibitor of
Jak2, did not block intracellular Ang II-induced
Stat3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 residue
indicating a Jak2-independent mechanism used by
intracellular Ang II for Stat3 phosphorylation.
In contrast, extracellular Ang II-induced
tyrosine 705 phosphorylation of Stat3 was
inhibited by AG-490 confirming the presence of a
Jak2-dependent pathway. These findings suggest
that intracellular Ang II increases TGF-b1 and
matrix in human mesangial cells and also
activates Stat3 transcription factor without
involvement of the extracellular Ang II
signaling pathway.
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Abstract
In recent years the actions of intracellular-acting, extracellular signaling proteins/peptides (intracrines) have become increasingly defined. General principles of intracrine action have been proposed. Mitochondria represent one locus of intracrine action, and thus far, angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-beta, growth hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, Wnt 13, stanniocalcin, other renin-angiotensin system components, and vascular endothelial-derived growth factor, among others, have been shown to be mitochondria-localizing intracrines. The implications of this mitochondrial intracrine biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Re
- Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Hwy., New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
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