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Saleem M, Shah SM, Fox J. Interventional Dilemma in a Young Woman With Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Who Presented With High-Risk Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) Progressing to ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Cureus 2022; 14:e23983. [PMID: 35547409 PMCID: PMC9089931 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an infrequent presentation of acute myocardial infarction in young women and denotes the non-atherosclerotic separation of the coronary artery wall. Precipitating causes include fibromuscular dysplasia, postpartum hormonal changes, multiparity, connective tissue diseases like Marfan syndrome, autoimmune conditions, and hormonal therapy. It is often underdiagnosed due to a low index of suspicion based on age and gender bias as well as knowledge about different angiographic variants in SCAD. Intracoronary imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is used for patients where coronary angiography fails to secure a diagnosis to increase the diagnostic yield. The mainstay of stable SCAD is conservative management. However, there are no definitive guidelines due to limited clinical experience. Treatment involving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), fibrinolytic therapy, and mechanical hemodynamic support should be individualized depending upon clinical presentation, type, and extent of dissection, hemodynamic instability, critical anatomy involvement, and the extent of ischemic myocardium. We are presenting a case of a young female who presented with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) that progressed to ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). A coronary angiogram showed a tortuous left anterior descending artery (LAD) with a distal 100% occlusion due to SCAD. PCI was attempted but the guidewire could not be navigated intraluminally past the occlusion. CABG was not pursued due to the distal location of the occlusion and lack of visualization of the distal vessel. Our case provides a useful learning opportunity for physicians who may come across similar clinical presentations. In patients with high-risk features of SCAD who are deemed inoperable, timely and appropriate medical management may be a useful alternative for PCI/CABG and the recurrence rates of SCAD are very low.
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Aslam A, Stojanovska J, Khokhar US, Weinberg RL, Ganesh SK, Labounty T, Sutton NR, Patel S. Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: An Underdiagnosed Clinical Entity-A Primer for Cardiac Imagers. Radiographics 2021; 41:1897-1915. [PMID: 34652974 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021210062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a nonatherosclerotic cause of myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged women that has gained increasing awareness in recent years. Its diagnosis presents a challenge. Invasive coronary angiography is the primary imaging modality for diagnosing SCAD; however, it carries risk in these patients, who have an increased predisposition to complications. Advances in CT technology enable robust noninvasive evaluation of the coronary arteries at low radiation doses and have been increasingly utilized for the diagnosis or resolution of SCAD, in hemodynamically stable patients or when diagnosis of SCAD is uncertain at invasive angiography, particularly in proximal vessels. However, criteria for the diagnosis of SCAD with use of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) have not been currently established, and sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis have not yet been defined. The appearance of SCAD at CCTA can be subtle and can be missed, especially in distal small-caliber coronary arteries; hence utilization of other noninvasive imaging multimodalities may help solve this diagnostic challenge. Accurate and prompt diagnosis is vital, as management of SCAD differs significantly from that of traditional atherosclerotic acute coronary syndromes, with conservative management preferred for the majority of SCAD patients, and invasive treatment reserved for those with ongoing or recurrent ischemia, heart failure, or hemodynamic compromise. The goal of this review is twofold: (a) to discuss the potential role of CCTA in the diagnosis of SCAD, and (b) to discuss the role of multimodality imaging that may improve diagnostic yield, guide management, and enable subsequent surveillance. An invited commentary by Ordovas is available online. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Aslam
- From the Divisions of Cardiothoracic Radiology (A.A., J.S., S.P.), Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine (R.L.W., S.K.G., T.L.), and Interventional Cardiology (N.R.S.), Frankel Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Human Genetics (S.K.G.), Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Division of Interventional Cardiology, Henry Ford Allegiance Health Hospital, Jackson, Mich (U.S.K.)
| | - Jadranka Stojanovska
- From the Divisions of Cardiothoracic Radiology (A.A., J.S., S.P.), Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine (R.L.W., S.K.G., T.L.), and Interventional Cardiology (N.R.S.), Frankel Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Human Genetics (S.K.G.), Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Division of Interventional Cardiology, Henry Ford Allegiance Health Hospital, Jackson, Mich (U.S.K.)
| | - Usman S Khokhar
- From the Divisions of Cardiothoracic Radiology (A.A., J.S., S.P.), Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine (R.L.W., S.K.G., T.L.), and Interventional Cardiology (N.R.S.), Frankel Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Human Genetics (S.K.G.), Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Division of Interventional Cardiology, Henry Ford Allegiance Health Hospital, Jackson, Mich (U.S.K.)
| | - Richard L Weinberg
- From the Divisions of Cardiothoracic Radiology (A.A., J.S., S.P.), Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine (R.L.W., S.K.G., T.L.), and Interventional Cardiology (N.R.S.), Frankel Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Human Genetics (S.K.G.), Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Division of Interventional Cardiology, Henry Ford Allegiance Health Hospital, Jackson, Mich (U.S.K.)
| | - Santhi K Ganesh
- From the Divisions of Cardiothoracic Radiology (A.A., J.S., S.P.), Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine (R.L.W., S.K.G., T.L.), and Interventional Cardiology (N.R.S.), Frankel Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Human Genetics (S.K.G.), Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Division of Interventional Cardiology, Henry Ford Allegiance Health Hospital, Jackson, Mich (U.S.K.)
| | - Troy Labounty
- From the Divisions of Cardiothoracic Radiology (A.A., J.S., S.P.), Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine (R.L.W., S.K.G., T.L.), and Interventional Cardiology (N.R.S.), Frankel Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Human Genetics (S.K.G.), Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Division of Interventional Cardiology, Henry Ford Allegiance Health Hospital, Jackson, Mich (U.S.K.)
| | - Nadia R Sutton
- From the Divisions of Cardiothoracic Radiology (A.A., J.S., S.P.), Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine (R.L.W., S.K.G., T.L.), and Interventional Cardiology (N.R.S.), Frankel Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Human Genetics (S.K.G.), Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Division of Interventional Cardiology, Henry Ford Allegiance Health Hospital, Jackson, Mich (U.S.K.)
| | - Smita Patel
- From the Divisions of Cardiothoracic Radiology (A.A., J.S., S.P.), Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine (R.L.W., S.K.G., T.L.), and Interventional Cardiology (N.R.S.), Frankel Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Human Genetics (S.K.G.), Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Division of Interventional Cardiology, Henry Ford Allegiance Health Hospital, Jackson, Mich (U.S.K.)
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Etchill E, Clarke N, Giuliano K, Lawton J, Choi CW. Post-partum spontaneous coronary artery dissection refractory to conservative management. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2020; 2020:e202034. [PMID: 33598494 PMCID: PMC7868094 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2020.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report describes a 31-year-old female who was diagnosed with a spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) of her left anterior descending artery during the post-partum period. She failed nonoperative management and was found to have extensive propagation of the dissected vessel associated with recurrent chest pain. She ultimately underwent coronary artery bypass grafting which restored perfusion and cardiac wall motion. A brief discussion of the presentation, diagnosis, and management of SCAD follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Etchill
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Giuliano
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Lawton
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chun Woo Choi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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