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Rojas MG, Pereira-Simon S, Zigmond ZM, Varona Santos J, Perla M, Santos Falcon N, Stoyell-Conti FF, Salama A, Yang X, Long X, Duque JC, Salman LH, Tabbara M, Martinez L, Vazquez-Padron RI. Single-Cell Analyses Offer Insights into the Different Remodeling Programs of Arteries and Veins. Cells 2024; 13:793. [PMID: 38786017 PMCID: PMC11119253 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Arteries and veins develop different types of occlusive diseases and respond differently to injury. The biological reasons for this discrepancy are not well understood, which is a limiting factor for the development of vein-targeted therapies. This study contrasts human peripheral arteries and veins at the single-cell level, with a focus on cell populations with remodeling potential. Upper arm arteries (brachial) and veins (basilic/cephalic) from 30 organ donors were compared using a combination of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, proteomics, flow cytometry, and histology. The cellular atlases of six arteries and veins demonstrated a 7.8× higher proportion of contractile smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in arteries and a trend toward more modulated SMCs. In contrast, veins showed a higher abundance of endothelial cells, pericytes, and macrophages, as well as an increasing trend in fibroblasts. Activated fibroblasts had similar proportions in both types of vessels but with significant differences in gene expression. Modulated SMCs and activated fibroblasts were characterized by the upregulation of MYH10, FN1, COL8A1, and ITGA10. Activated fibroblasts also expressed F2R, POSTN, and COMP and were confirmed by F2R/CD90 flow cytometry. Activated fibroblasts from veins were the top producers of collagens among all fibroblast populations from both types of vessels. Venous fibroblasts were also highly angiogenic, proinflammatory, and hyper-responders to reactive oxygen species. Differences in wall structure further explain the significant contribution of fibroblast populations to remodeling in veins. Fibroblasts are almost exclusively located outside the external elastic lamina in arteries, while widely distributed throughout the venous wall. In line with the above, ECM-targeted proteomics confirmed a higher abundance of fibrillar collagens in veins vs. more basement ECM components in arteries. The distinct cellular compositions and transcriptional programs of reparative populations in arteries and veins may explain differences in acute and chronic wall remodeling between vessels. This information may be relevant for the development of antistenotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G. Rojas
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Simone Pereira-Simon
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Javier Varona Santos
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Mikael Perla
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Nieves Santos Falcon
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Filipe F. Stoyell-Conti
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Alghidak Salama
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Juan C. Duque
- Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Loay H. Salman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Marwan Tabbara
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Laisel Martinez
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Roberto I. Vazquez-Padron
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.G.R.); (S.P.-S.); (J.V.S.); (A.S.)
- Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA;
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Ko PL, Wang CK, Hsu HH, Lee TA, Tung YC. Revealing anisotropic elasticity of endothelium under fluid shear stress. Acta Biomater 2022; 145:316-328. [PMID: 35367381 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium lining interior surface of blood vessels experiences various physical stimulations in vivo. Its physical properties, especially elasticity, play important roles in regulating the physiological functions of vascular systems. In this paper, an integrated approach is developed to characterize the anisotropic elasticity of the endothelium under physiological-level fluid shear stress. A pressure sensor-embedded microfluidic device is developed to provide fluid shear stress on the perfusion-cultured endothelium and to measure transverse in-plane elasticities in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the flow direction. Biological atomic force microscopy (Bio-AFM) is further exploited to measure the vertical elasticity of the endothelium in its out-of-plane direction. The results show that the transverse elasticity of the endothelium in the direction parallel to the perfusion culture flow direction is about 70% higher than that in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction. Moreover, the transverse elasticities of the endothelium are estimated to be approximately 120 times larger than the vertical one. The results indicate the effects of fluid shear stress on the transverse elasticity anisotropy of the endothelium, and the difference between the elasticities in transverse and vertical directions. The quantitative measurement of the endothelium anisotropic elasticity in different directions at the tissue level under the fluid shear stress provides biologists insightful information for the advanced vascular system studies from biophysical and biomaterial viewpoints. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this paper, we take advantage an integrated approach combining microfluidic devices and biological atomic force microscopy (Bio-AFM) to characterize anisotropic elasticities of endothelia with and without fluidic shear stress application. The microfluidic devices are exploited to conduct perfusion cell culture of the endothelial cells, and to estimate the in-plane elasticities of the endothelium in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the shear stress. In addition, the Bio-AFM is utilized for characterization of the endothelium morphology and vertical elasticity. The measurement results demonstrate the very first anisotropic elasticity quantification of the endothelia. Furthermore, the study provides insightful information bridging the microscopic sing cell and macroscopic organ level studies, which can greatly help to advance vascular system research from material perspective.
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Hosseini M, Brown J, Khosrotehrani K, Bayat A, Shafiee A. Skin biomechanics: a potential therapeutic intervention target to reduce scarring. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac036. [PMID: 36017082 PMCID: PMC9398863 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pathological scarring imposes a major clinical and social burden worldwide. Human cutaneous wounds are responsive to mechanical forces and convert mechanical cues to biochemical signals that eventually promote scarring. To understand the mechanotransduction pathways in cutaneous scarring and develop new mechanotherapy approaches to achieve optimal scarring, the current study highlights the mechanical behavior of unwounded and scarred skin as well as intra- and extracellular mechanisms behind keloid and hypertrophic scars. Additionally, the therapeutic interventions that promote optimal scar healing by mechanical means at the molecular, cellular or tissue level are extensively reviewed. The current literature highlights the significant role of fibroblasts in wound contraction and scar formation via differentiation into myofibroblasts. Thus, understanding myofibroblasts and their responses to mechanical loading allows the development of new scar therapeutics. A review of the current clinical and preclinical studies suggests that existing treatment strategies only reduce scarring on a small scale after wound closure and result in poor functional and aesthetic outcomes. Therefore, the perspective of mechanotherapies needs to consider the application of both mechanical forces and biochemical cues to achieve optimal scarring. Moreover, early intervention is critical in wound management; thus, mechanoregulation should be conducted during the healing process to avoid scar maturation. Future studies should either consider combining mechanical loading (pressure) therapies with tension offloading approaches for scar management or developing more effective early therapies based on contraction-blocking biomaterials for the prevention of pathological scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motaharesadat Hosseini
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies , School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering (MMPE), Faculty of Engineering, , Brisbane, QLD 4059 , Australia
- Queensland University of Technology , School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering (MMPE), Faculty of Engineering, , Brisbane, QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Jason Brown
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service , Brisbane, QLD 4029 , Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service , Brisbane, QLD 4029 , Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4102 , Australia
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Centre for Dermatology Research , NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT , England, UK
- University of Manchester , NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT , England, UK
- MRC-SA Wound Healing Unit , Hair & Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, , Cape Town 7935 , South Africa
- University of Cape Town , Hair & Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, , Cape Town 7935 , South Africa
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service , Brisbane, QLD 4029 , Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service , Brisbane, QLD 4029 , Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4102 , Australia
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Yue MS, Martin SE, Martin NR, Taylor MR, Plavicki JS. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure disrupts development of the visceral and ocular vasculature. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105786. [PMID: 33735685 PMCID: PMC8457527 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) has endogenous functions in mammalian vascular development and is necessary for mediating the toxic effects of a number of environmental contaminants. Studies in mice have demonstrated that AHR is necessary for the formation of the renal, retinal, and hepatic vasculature. In fish, exposure to the prototypic AHR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces expression of the AHR biomarker cyp1a throughout the developing vasculature and produces vascular malformations in the head and heart. However, it is not known whether the vascular structures that are sensitive to loss of AHR function are also disrupted by aberrant AHR activation. Here, we report that TCDD-exposure in zebrafish disrupts development of 1) the subintestinal venous plexus (SIVP), which vascularizes the developing liver, kidney, gut, and pancreas, and 2) the superficial annular vessel (SAV), an essential component of the retinal vasculature. Furthermore, we determined that TCDD exposure increased the expression of bmp4, a key molecular mediator of SIVP morphogenesis. We hypothesize that the observed SIVP phenotypes contribute to one of the hallmarks of TCDD exposure in fish - the failure of the yolk sac to absorb. Together, our data describe novel TCDD-induced vascular phenotypes and provide molecular insight into critical factors producing the observed vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Yue
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shannon E Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nathan R Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael R Taylor
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jessica S Plavicki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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5
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Daems M, Peacock HM, Jones EAV. Fluid flow as a driver of embryonic morphogenesis. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev185579. [PMID: 32769200 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluid flow is a powerful morphogenic force during embryonic development. The physical forces created by flowing fluids can either create morphogen gradients or be translated by mechanosensitive cells into biological changes in gene expression. In this Primer, we describe how fluid flow is created in different systems and highlight the important mechanosensitive signalling pathways involved for sensing and transducing flow during embryogenesis. Specifically, we describe how fluid flow helps establish left-right asymmetry in the early embryo and discuss the role of flow of blood, lymph and cerebrospinal fluid in sculpting the embryonic cardiovascular and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Daems
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanna M Peacock
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Lacolley P, Regnault V, Segers P, Laurent S. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Arterial Stiffening: Relevance in Development, Aging, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1555-1617. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cushioning function of large arteries encompasses distension during systole and recoil during diastole which transforms pulsatile flow into a steady flow in the microcirculation. Arterial stiffness, the inverse of distensibility, has been implicated in various etiologies of chronic common and monogenic cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The first components that contribute to arterial stiffening are extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that support the mechanical load, while the second important components are vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which not only regulate actomyosin interactions for contraction but mediate also mechanotransduction in cell-ECM homeostasis. Eventually, VSMC plasticity and signaling in both conductance and resistance arteries are highly relevant to the physiology of normal and early vascular aging. This review summarizes current concepts of central pressure and tensile pulsatile circumferential stress as key mechanical determinants of arterial wall remodeling, cell-ECM interactions depending mainly on the architecture of cytoskeletal proteins and focal adhesion, the large/small arteries cross-talk that gives rise to target organ damage, and inflammatory pathways leading to calcification or atherosclerosis. We further speculate on the contribution of cellular stiffness along the arterial tree to vascular wall stiffness. In addition, this review provides the latest advances in the identification of gene variants affecting arterial stiffening. Now that important hemodynamic and molecular mechanisms of arterial stiffness have been elucidated, and the complex interplay between ECM, cells, and sensors identified, further research should study their potential to halt or to reverse the development of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Regnault
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Segers
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Laurent
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Sivarapatna A, Ghaedi M, Le AV, Mendez JJ, Qyang Y, Niklason LE. Arterial specification of endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells in a biomimetic flow bioreactor. Biomaterials 2015; 53:621-33. [PMID: 25890758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) exist in different microenvironments in vivo, including under different levels of shear stress in arteries versus veins. Standard stem cell differentiation protocols to derive ECs and EC-subtypes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generally use growth factors or other soluble factors in an effort to specify cell fate. In this study, a biomimetic flow bioreactor was used to subject hiPSC-derived ECs (hiPSC-ECs) to shear stress to determine the impacts on phenotype and upregulation of markers associated with an anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, arterial-like phenotype. The in vitro bioreactor system was able to efficiently mature hiPSC-ECs into arterial-like cells in 24 h, as demonstrated by qRT-PCR for arterial markers EphrinB2, CXCR4, Conexin40 and Notch1, as well protein-level expression of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD). Furthermore, the exogenous addition of soluble factors was not able to fully recapitulate this phenotype that was imparted by shear stress exposure. The induction of these phenotypic changes was biomechanically mediated in the shear stress bioreactor. This biomimetic flow bioreactor is an effective means for the differentiation of hiPSC-ECs toward an arterial-like phenotype, and is amenable to scale-up for culturing large quantities of cells for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amogh Sivarapatna
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Mahboobe Ghaedi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Andrew V Le
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Julio J Mendez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Ghaffari S, Leask RL, Jones EA. Simultaneous imaging of blood flow dynamics and vascular remodelling during development. Development 2015; 142:4158-67. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.127019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal vascular development requires blood flow. Time-lapse imaging techniques have revolutionized our understanding of developmental biology, but measuring changes in blood flow dynamics has met with limited success. Ultrasound Biomicroscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography can concurrently image vascular structure and blood flow velocity, but these techniques lack the resolution to accurately calculate fluid forces such as shear stress. This is important because hemodynamic forces are biologically active and induce changes in expression of genes important for vascular development. Regional variations in shear stress, rather than the overall level, control processes such as vessel enlargement and regression during vascular remodelling. We present a technique to concurrently visualize vascular remodelling and blood flow dynamics. We use an avian embryonic model and inject an endothelial-specific dye and fluorescent microspheres. The motion of the microspheres is captured with a high-speed camera and the velocity of the blood flow in and out of the region of interest is quantified by micro-particle image velocitymetry (μPIV). The vessel geometry and flow are used to numerically solve the flow physics with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Using this technique, we can analyse changes in shear stress, pressure drops and blood flow velocities over a period of 10 to 16 hours. We apply this to study the relationship between shear stress and chronic changes in vessel diameter during embryonic development, both in normal development and after TGF-β stimulation. This technique allows us to study the interaction of biomolecular and biomechanical signals during vascular remodelling using an in vivo developmental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Ghaffari
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Ch. Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Richard L. Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A.V. Jones
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Ch. Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 - box 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Huang AH, Niklason LE. Engineering of arteries in vitro. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2103-18. [PMID: 24399290 PMCID: PMC4024341 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on two elements that are essential for functional arterial regeneration in vitro: the mechanical environment and the bioreactors used for tissue growth. The importance of the mechanical environment to embryological development, vascular functionality, and vascular graft regeneration will be discussed. Bioreactors generate mechanical stimuli to simulate biomechanical environment of arterial system. This system has been used to reconstruct arterial grafts with appropriate mechanical strength for implantation by controlling the chemical and mechanical environments in which the grafts are grown. Bioreactors are powerful tools to study the effect of mechanical stimuli on extracellular matrix architecture and mechanical properties of engineered vessels. Hence, biomimetic systems enable us to optimize chemo-biomechanical culture conditions to regenerate engineered vessels with physiological properties similar to those of native arteries. In addition, this article reviews various bioreactors designed especially to apply axial loading to engineered arteries. This review will also introduce and examine different approaches and techniques that have been used to engineer biologically based vascular grafts, including collagen-based grafts, fibrin-gel grafts, cell sheet engineering, biodegradable polymers, and decellularization of native vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,
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10
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Clements WK, Traver D. Signalling pathways that control vertebrate haematopoietic stem cell specification. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:336-48. [PMID: 23618830 PMCID: PMC4169178 DOI: 10.1038/nri3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are tissue-specific stem cells that replenish all mature blood lineages during the lifetime of an individual. Clinically, HSCs form the foundation of transplantation-based therapies for leukaemias and congenital blood disorders. Researchers have long been interested in understanding the normal signalling mechanisms that specify HSCs in the embryo, in part because recapitulating these requirements in vitro might provide a means to generate immune-compatible HSCs for transplantation. Recent embryological work has demonstrated the existence of previously unknown signalling requirements. Moreover, it is now clear that gene expression in the nearby somite is integrally involved in regulating the transition of the embryonic endothelium to a haemogenic fate. Here, we review current knowledge of the intraembryonic signals required for the specification of HSCs in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson K Clements
- Department of Hematology, Division of Experimental Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl., Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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11
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Extracellular matrix and the mechanics of large artery development. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2012; 11:1169-86. [PMID: 22584609 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-012-0405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The large, elastic arteries, as their name suggests, provide elastic distention and recoil during the cardiac cycle in vertebrate animals. The arteries are distended from the pressure of ejecting blood during the active contraction of the left ventricle (LV) during systole and recoil to their original dimensions during relaxation of the LV during diastole. The cyclic distension occurs with minimal energy loss, due to the elastic properties of one of the major structural extracellular matrix (ECM) components, elastin. The maximum distension is limited to prevent damage to the artery by another major ECM component, collagen. The mix of ECM components in the wall largely determines the passive mechanical behavior of the arteries and the subsequent load on the heart during systole. While much research has focused on initial artery formation, there has been less attention on the continuing development of the artery to produce the mature composite wall complete with endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and the necessary mix of ECM components for proper cardiovascular function. This review focuses on the physiology of large artery development, including SMC differentiation and ECM production. The effects of hemodynamic forces and ECM deposition on the evolving arterial structure and function are discussed. Human diseases and mouse models with genetic mutations in ECM proteins that affect large artery development are summarized. A review of constitutive models and growth and remodeling theories is presented, along with future directions to improve understanding of ECM and the mechanics of large artery development.
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12
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Mortola JP, Marinescu DC, Pierre A, Artman L. Metabolic and heart rate responses to hypoxia in early chicken embryos in the transition from diffusive to convective gas transport. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Mortola JP. Energetics and oxygen transport mechanisms in embryos. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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