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Powell LE, Bien EM, Cohen JM, Barta RJ. Availability and Readability Level of Online Patient Education Materials Provided by Cleft Lip and Palate Teams. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023:10556656231213170. [PMID: 37926980 DOI: 10.1177/10556656231213170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate the readability of online English and Spanish cleft lip and palate patient education materials. DESIGN Review of free online materials. SETTING English and Spanish language online patient education materials on cleft lip and palate were collected from American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) approved teams. PARTICIPANTS American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) approved teams. INTERVENTIONS English materials were analyzed using the Flesch-Kincaid, SMOG, and Coleman-Liau readability calculators. Spanish materials were analyzed using the Fry Graph, Fernandez Huerta, and INFLESZ calculators. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for variability between the readability tools. OUTCOMES Readability levels were examined for both sets of materials. RESULTS 171 (90.5%) teams provided English language materials online, with an average readability score calculated as 10.5 ± 2.9 (10th-11th grade). A total of 44 (23.2%) teams listed Spanish language materials online, with average readability score of 7.9 ± 1.2 (8th grade). ANOVA demonstrated statistically significant variability between the readability assessment tools (P < .01). CONCLUSION Online cleft lip and palate patient education material provided by ACPA craniofacial teams were more available in English than in Spanish. Both sets of materials demonstrated readability levels above the recommended 6th-7th grade. Refining readability is associated with lowered healthcare costs and increased patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Powell
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erica M Bien
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jade M Cohen
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ruth J Barta
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, HealthPartners, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Gonzalez MD, Ortega P, Hendren-Santiago BK, Gillenwater TJ, Vrouwe SQ. Burn Prevention in Spanish: Assessment of Content Accuracy, Website Quality, and Readability of Online Sources. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:1031-1040. [PMID: 37249234 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Burn prevention information may be inadequate or inaccessible to communities with non-English language preference. Our objective was to systematically analyze the content accuracy, website quality, and readability of online Spanish information for burn prevention in the home and compare it to English websites. We collected the top ten burn prevention results from a search on Google, Bing, and Yahoo using a list of Spanish key terms. Using recommendations from national organizations and a burn care expert team, content accuracy was evaluated for each website. We assessed website quality following the "Health on the Net" Code of Conduct. Readability was scored by averaging five validated readability tests for the Spanish language. After using the same protocol, a comparison was made with English websites as a control. Once duplicates and non-relevant search results were removed, 23 Spanish websites were assessed. Out of 21 possible points for content accuracy, the top website scored 14 (67%) and the average score was 6.6 (31%). For website quality, the average score was 50%. The average grade level needed to read the websites was 8.6. Compared to English, Spanish websites were less accurate (31% vs 41%), harder to read (9.8 vs 7.8), but were of higher website quality (50% vs 43%). Online burn prevention information in Spanish is often inaccurate, incomplete, and inferior to available English language websites. We propose a call to action to increase the quality of online burn prevention material available in Spanish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel D Gonzalez
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pilar Ortega
- Departments of Medical Education and Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bryce K Hendren-Santiago
- Department of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - T Justin Gillenwater
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sebastian Q Vrouwe
- Section of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Vicente-Neira A, Prieto-Gómez V, Navarro-Brazález B, Lirio-Romero C, Bailón-Cerezo J, Torres-Lacomba M. Online Information on Painful Sexual Dysfunction in Women: Quality Analysis of Websites in SPANISH about Dyspareunia, Vaginismus and Vulvodynia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031506. [PMID: 35162525 PMCID: PMC8834735 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the content, quality, and readability of websites containing information on dyspareunia, vaginismus, and vulvodynia in Spanish. Web pages were retrieved entering the terms “dyspareunia”, “vaginismus”, and “vulvodynia” in Google, Yahoo!, and Bing search engines. Two researchers employed the DISCERN and Bermúdez-Tamayo questionnaires to analyze the content and quality of the websites, and the INFLESZ scale to evaluate their readability. IBM SPSS® version 25 statistical software was employed for data analysis. The internet search yielded 262 websites, 91 of which were included after applying the selection criteria. Websites with information on dyspareunia obtained median scores of 24 (30–21) in the DISCERN, 38 (41.0–35.5) in the Bermúdez-Tamayo, and 55.3 (57.2–50.9) in the INFLESZ tools. The results for websites on vaginismus revealed median scores of 23.5 (30–20) in the DISCERN, 37 (42–35) in the Bermúdez-Tamayo, and 52.9 (55.6–46.4) in the INFLESZ. Finally, the median scores for vulvodynia sites was 25.5 (30–20) in the DISCERN, 38 (43–33.7) in the Bermúdez-Tamayo, and 54.2 (57.3–47.2) in the INFLESZ. These outcomes indicate that the quality of information in these websites is very low, while the overall quality of the web pages is moderate. Sites on vaginismus and vulvodynia were “somewhat difficult” to read, while readability was “normal” for websites on dyspareunia. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the shortcomings of these websites and address them through therapeutic education with resources containing updated, quality information. This raises the need for health professionals to generate these resources themselves or for experts and/or scientific societies in the field to check the quality and timeliness of the contents, regardless of whether or not the websites are endorsed with quality seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vicente-Neira
- Physiotherapy in Women’s Health (FPSM) Research Group, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-N.); (B.N.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (J.B.-C.); (M.T.-L.)
| | - Virginia Prieto-Gómez
- Physiotherapy in Women’s Health (FPSM) Research Group, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-N.); (B.N.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (J.B.-C.); (M.T.-L.)
- Department of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursery, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Beatriz Navarro-Brazález
- Physiotherapy in Women’s Health (FPSM) Research Group, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-N.); (B.N.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (J.B.-C.); (M.T.-L.)
| | - Cristina Lirio-Romero
- Physiotherapy in Women’s Health (FPSM) Research Group, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-N.); (B.N.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (J.B.-C.); (M.T.-L.)
- Department of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursery, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Bailón-Cerezo
- Physiotherapy in Women’s Health (FPSM) Research Group, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-N.); (B.N.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (J.B.-C.); (M.T.-L.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Torres-Lacomba
- Physiotherapy in Women’s Health (FPSM) Research Group, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-N.); (B.N.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (J.B.-C.); (M.T.-L.)
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Lupón M, Cardona G, Armayones M. Public knowledge of low vision and blindness, and readability of on-topic online information. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2021; 14:240-246. [PMID: 32773209 PMCID: PMC8258127 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the laymen knowledge of low vision and blindness concepts, and to assess the readability of some on-topic information available online. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in March 2019. Knowledge was evaluated by means of an ad hoc questionnaire-survey with two dichotomous questions about concepts related to low vision and blindness, followed with a list of 10 true-or-false statements. Readability of two on-topic online texts of different complexity was evaluated asking participants to rate the difficulty they experienced on a Likert scale and, objectively, by means of the freeware INFLESZ Readability Scale for Spanish language. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, t-tests, and ANOVA test (statistical significance: p < 0.05). RESULTS Fifty-two percent of 103 participants declared never having heard of low vision. Ninety-four percent participants were aware about the word blindness, although most of them misinterpreted it. Neither academic level nor age influenced knowledge (p > 0,05). Higher academic level was related to better readability scores of the complex online text (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, the general public has a limited awareness of low vision and a large misconception of blindness. Therefore, visual health education actions should aim at fostering knowledge and literacy on the issue. This strategy may encourage individuals to seek the advice of eye care providers in order to prevent and treat visual impairment, with relevant consequences in time, both in terms of quality of life and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lupón
- Psychology, Health & ICT (PSINET), Open University of Catalonia, Rambla del Poblenou 156, 08018, Barcelona, Spain; Vision, Optometry and Health (VOS) - Department of Optics and Optometry, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Violinista Vellsolà 37, 08022, Terrassa, Spain.
| | - Genís Cardona
- Vision, Optometry and Health (VOS) - Department of Optics and Optometry, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Violinista Vellsolà 37, 08022, Terrassa, Spain.
| | - Manuel Armayones
- e-Health Center, Open University of Catalonia, Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018, Barcelona, Spain.
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Alioshkin Cheneguin A, Salvat Salvat I, Romay Barrero H, Torres Lacomba M. How good is online information on fibromyalgia? An analysis of quality and readability of websites on fibromyalgia in Spanish. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037065. [PMID: 32624475 PMCID: PMC7337882 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the content, quality and readability of websites with information on fibromyalgia in Spanish. METHODS Websites were retrieved entering the keyword 'fibromyalgia' in Google, Yahoo! and Bing, and by searching records of patients associations in Spain and Latin America. The Bermúdez-Tamayo and DISCERN questionnaires were employed for evaluating quality and content, and INFLESZ for readability. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSSV.24 (Chicago, USA). RESULTS Three hundred and five websites were found. After applying the exclusion criteria, 73 websites were analysed. Websites retrieved by search engines obtained median scores of 27.0 (interquartile interval (IQI): 24.5-32.0) with DISCERN, 35.0 (IQI: 31.0-40.5) with Bermúdez-Tamayo and 53.7 (IQI: 47.4-56.2) with INFLESZ, whereas those from patients associations scored 21.0 (IQI: 19.2-23.8), 26.0 (IQI: 25.0-31.0) and 51.7 (IQI: 47.9-55.1), respectively. In general, content was not up-to-date. CONCLUSIONS Overall quality was medium-low, content quality was very low and readability was poor. Further effort is needed to guarantee meeting quality criteria and accessing updated, relevant, and legible information.This study exposes the quality and readability of websites on fibromyalgia in Spanish, which can help healthcare workers to better appraise this resource and its potential influence on the development of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Salvat Salvat
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Institute for Health Research Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Helena Romay Barrero
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - María Torres Lacomba
- FPSM Research Group-Physical Therapy Department, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Robert Sabaté L, Diego L. Are we offering patients the right medicines information? A retrospective evaluation of readability and quality in online patient drug information. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2019-002099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Leveraging Google Trends, Twitter, and Wikipedia to Investigate the Impact of a Celebrity's Death From Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol 2019; 24:188-192. [PMID: 29461342 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological advancements, such as patient-centered smartphone applications, have enabled to support self-management of the disease. Further, the accessibility to health information through the Internet has grown tremendously. This article aimed to investigate how big data can be useful to assess the impact of a celebrity's rheumatic disease on the public opinion. METHODS Variable tools and statistical/computational approaches have been used, including massive data mining of Google Trends, Wikipedia, Twitter, and big data analytics. These tools were mined using an in-house script, which facilitated the process of data collection, parsing, handling, processing, and normalization. RESULTS From Google Trends, the temporal correlation between "Anna Marchesini" and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) queries resulted 0.66 before Anna Marchesini's death and 0.90 after Anna Marchesini's death. The geospatial correlation between "Anna Marchesini" and RA queries resulted 0.45 before Anna Marchesini's death and 0.52 after Anna Marchesini's death. From Wikitrends, after Anna Marchesini's death, the number of accesses to Wikipedia page for RA has increased 5770%. From Twitter, 1979 tweets have been retrieved. Numbers of likes, retweets, and hashtags have increased throughout time. CONCLUSIONS Novel data streams and big data analytics are effective to assess the impact of a disease in a famous person on the laypeople.
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Johnson AR, Doval AF, Granoff MD, Egeler SA, Bravo MG, Dowlatshahi AS, Lin SJ, Lee BT. A Comparative Multimetric Assessment of English and Spanish Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Materials. J Surg Res 2019; 238:64-71. [PMID: 30739070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spanish-speaking Hispanics living in the United States utilize the internet as a primary means to obtain health information. Accurate, accessible information is important for English speakers; however, it could have even greater utility for Spanish speakers who have lower health literacy levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare online English and Spanish carpal tunnel surgery materials provided by using a multimetric approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS A web search using the English term "carpal tunnel surgery" was performed. The first 10 institutional/organizational websites that provided carpal tunnel surgery information in English and Spanish were included. All relevant online materials were evaluated using the Patient Education and Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), Cultural Sensitivity Assessment Tool (CSAT), and Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook, Spanish (SOL) to assess understandability and actionability, cultural sensitivity, and readability, respectively. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in understandability or actionability scores between Spanish and English materials. Average cultural sensitivity scores for Spanish materials were significantly lower than English materials (P = 0.015). The average reading grade level of online English materials was greater than that for Spanish materials (P = 0.011). Both mean values were above the recommended sixth-grade reading level. CONCLUSIONS Online patient-directed information regarding carpal tunnel surgery exceeded the recommended reading grade level for both English and Spanish-speaking populations. Most Spanish materials were often direct translations and were not contoured to the elevated literacy needs of this demographic. Institutions must caution their authors to tailor their web material in a way that is sensitive to their target population to optimize understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rose Johnson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andres F Doval
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melisa D Granoff
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sabine A Egeler
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel G Bravo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A Samandar Dowlatshahi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel J Lin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard T Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Nassif SJ, Wong K, Levi JR. The Índice Flesch-Szigriszt and Spanish Lexile Analyzer to evaluate Spanish patient education materials in otolaryngology. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:E21-E26. [PMID: 28990667 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Evaluate the reading difficulty of Spanish patient education materials using the validated Índice Flesch-Szigriszt (INFLESZ) and Spanish Lexile Analyzer, and to identify relationships between English and Spanish readability formulas. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. METHODS All otolaryngology-related patient education articles written in Spanish from the health libraries of the top 10 US News & World Report-ranked hospitals, top 10 Doximity-ranked otolaryngology residencies, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery website, and the US National Library of Medicine online section on ears, nose and throat were collected. Reading difficulty was assessed using the INFLESZ and Spanish Lexile Analyzer. Additional readability assessments included the traditional English tools: Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease Score, and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook score. RESULTS A total of 497 articles were reviewed. The average INFLESZ score for all articles was 57.75, which is considered normal and requires the reading ability of a student who finished Escuela Secundaria Obligatoria or 10th grade equivalent in the United States. The average Spanish Lexile measure for all articles was 1062L, equivalent to a reading level between the 6th and 12th grade. English readability tools calculated a more difficult reading level compared to Spanish tools when performed on the same text. CONCLUSIONS Current Spanish patient education materials in otolaryngology may be too difficult for the average Spanish-speaking reader to understand. Future improvements may be warranted to improve the readability of educational materials and increase health literacy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E21-E26, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samih J Nassif
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin Wong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Jessica R Levi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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