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Yan M, Brode SK, Marras TK. Treatment of the Less Common Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease. Clin Chest Med 2023; 44:799-813. [PMID: 37890917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease caused by the less common nontuberculous mycobacteria have distinct features depending on the species. Diagnostic evaluation follows the established criteria for all nontuberculous mycobacteria, but with certain qualifications given species-specific and regional differences in pathogenicity. Clinicians should first institute nonpharmacologic management and evaluate clinical, radiologic, and microbiologic factors in the decision regarding antimycobacterial therapy. Treatment is challenging, and evidence-based recommendations are limited for most species. Drug susceptibility testing is used to help with regimen selection; however, this approach is imperfect given the uncertain correlation between in vitro activity and clinical response for most drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Yan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinician Investigator Program, University of British Columbia, Suite 200 City Square East Tower South, 555 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3X7, Canada
| | - Sarah K Brode
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respirology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, West Park Healthcare Centre, 82 Buttonwood Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M6M 2J5, Canada
| | - Theodore K Marras
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respirology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Wang XY, Jia QN, Li J. Treatment of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria skin infections. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1242156. [PMID: 37731736 PMCID: PMC10508292 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1242156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) skin infections have become increasingly prevalent in recent years, presenting a unique challenge in clinical management. This review explored the complexities of NTM infections localized to the superficial tissues and provided valuable insights into the optimal therapeutic strategies. The antibiotic selection should base on NTM species and their susceptibility profiles. It is recommended to adopt a comprehensive approach that considers the unique characteristics of superficial tissues to improve treatment effectiveness and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions, infection recurrence, and treatment failure. Infection control measures, patient education, and close monitoring should complement the treatment strategies to achieve favorable outcomes in managing NTM skin infections. Further efforts are warranted to elucidate factors and mechanisms contributing to treatment resistance and relapse. Future research should focus on exploring novel treatment options, innovative drug development/delivery platforms, and precise methodologies for determining therapeutic duration. Longitudinal studies are also needed to assess the long-term safety profiles of the integrated approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Dongdan Campus), Beijing, China
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Repurposing β-Lactams for the Treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii Infections: An In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020335. [PMID: 36830246 PMCID: PMC9952313 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium kansasii (Mkn) causes tuberculosis-like lung infection in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Current standard therapy against Mkn infection is lengthy and difficult to adhere to. Although β-lactams are the most important class of antibiotics, representing 65% of the global antibiotic market, they have been traditionally dismissed for the treatment of mycobacterial infections, as they were considered inactive against mycobacteria. A renewed interest in β-lactams as antimycobacterial agents has shown their activity against several mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis, M. ulcerans or M. abscessus; however, information against Mkn is lacking. In this study, we determined the in vitro activity of several β-lactams against Mkn. A selection of 32 agents including all β-lactam chemical classes (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams) with three β-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanate, tazobactam and avibactam) were evaluated against 22 Mkn strains by MIC assays. Penicillins plus clavulanate and first- and third-generation cephalosporins were the most active β-lactams against Mkn. Combinatorial time-kill assays revealed favorable interactions of amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefadroxil with first-line Mkn treatment. Amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefadroxil are oral medications that are readily available, and well tolerated with an excellent safety and pharmacokinetic profile that could constitute a promising alternative option for Mkn therapy.
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Yan M, Brode SK, Marras TK. The Other Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: Clinical Aspects of Lung Disease Caused by Less Common Slowly Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Species. Chest 2023; 163:281-291. [PMID: 36174743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) comprise a diverse group of environmental organisms, many of which are important human pathogens. The most common and well-known member of this group is Mycobacterium avium, the leading cause of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) globally. This review focuses on the less common, but notable, species of slowly growing NTM with respect to lung disease. To prepare this article, literature searches were performed using each species name as the key word. Society guidelines were consulted, and relevant articles also were identified through the reference lists of key articles. The specific organisms highlighted include Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium xenopi, Mycobacterium malmoense, Mycobacterium simiae, and Mycobacterium szulgai. Although these organisms are closely related, they have distinct epidemiologic features and behavior as pathogens. Therefore, the diagnosis and management of NTM-PD require a nuanced approach that takes into consideration the unique characteristics of each species. There is limited evidence to inform the optimal treatment of NTM-PD. Antimicrobial therapy is often challenging because of the presence of drug resistance and few antibiotic options. Regimen selection should generally be guided by drug susceptibility testing, although the correlation between clinical outcomes and in vitro susceptibility thresholds has not been defined for most species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Yan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinician Investigator Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah K Brode
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Respirology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theodore K Marras
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Respirology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Kim KJ, Oh SH, Jeon D, Chang CL. Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in a Tertiary Hospital in Korea, 2016 to 2020. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2023; 86:47-56. [PMID: 36480820 PMCID: PMC9816495 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2022.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a global increase in isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The aim of the study was to analyze longitudinal trends of NTM identification and pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. METHODS NTM recovery rates, distribution of NTM species identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of NTM at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital between January 2016 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS A total of 52,456 specimens from 21,264 patients were submitted for mycobacterial culture, of which 2,521 from 1,410 patients were NTM positive over five years (January 2016 to December 2020). NTM isolation showed an increasing trend from 2016 to 2020 (p<0.001, test for trend) mainly caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. The vast majority of M. avium complex were susceptible to key agents clarithromycin and amikacin. For Mycobacterium kansasii, resistance to rifampin and clarithromycin is rare. Amikacin was the most effective drug against Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies abscessus and Mycobacterium subspecies massiliense. Most of M. subspecies massiliense were susceptible to clarithromycin, while the majority of M. abscessus subspecies abscessus were resistant to clarithromycin (p<0.001). CONCLUSION There was an increasing trend of NTM isolation in our hospital. Resistance to key drugs was uncommon for most NTM species except for M. abscessus subspecies abscessus against clarithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Ju Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Oh
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Doosoo Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicin, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhun L. Chang
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Address for correspondence Chulhun L. Chang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea Phone 82-55-360-1877 Fax 82-55-360-1880 E-mail
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Gill LI, Dominic C, Tiberi S. Atypical mycobacterial infections - management and when to treat. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2021; 27:216-223. [PMID: 33560672 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasing for several reasons, including diagnostic advances, increased awareness and a larger at-risk population. NTM pulmonary disease is surpassing tuberculosis (TB) in some low incidence areas. This review summarizes the latest literature and guidelines and aims to be a concise source outlining treatment and management of NTM lung infections, integrating established treatment paradigms with novel pharmacological interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent additions to NTM treatment are inhaled liposomal amikacin and the anti-TB drug bedaquiline. Several other new or repurposed treatments are being explored in vitro, in animal models and in clinical trials, including novel beta-lactamase inhibitor/lactam combinations, dual-lactam combinations, efflux pump inhibitors, novel antimicrobials, inhaled clofazimine suspension and bacteriophages. SUMMARY Patients with NTM pulmonary disease are mainly female and older with significant delay between diagnosis and treatment being common. Treatment varies according to causative organism, drug susceptibilities, radiological type and disease severity. Underlying chronic conditions, drug intolerances and interactions require careful consideration. In all cases, at least three drugs should be used to minimize acquisition of drug resistance, and all patients should receive a minimum of 12 months of treatment. Expert advice should be taken. NTM treatment is longer than TB treatment, more likely to fail and more likely to cause toxicity. The relatively small numbers of patients affected by each NTM species has limited research. Novel treatments hold promise; nevertheless, it is likely that new solutions for NTM management will stem from the TB pipeline for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Indira Gill
- Department of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust
| | - Catherine Dominic
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London
| | - Simon Tiberi
- Department of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust
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Huang HL, Lu PL, Lee CH, Chong IW. Treatment of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119 Suppl 1:S51-S57. [PMID: 32505588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As a cause of lung disease (LD), Mycobacterium kansasii is regarded as a highly virulent species among nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Both the frequency of M. kansasii isolates and global prevalence of M. kansasii-LD have increased gradually over recent decades. Treatment of M. kansasii-LD is recommended because of the disease's poor prognosis and fatal outcome. The decision on the optimal time point for treatment initiation should be based on both the benefits and risks posed by multiple antimicrobial agents. For treatment-naïve patients with M. kansasii-LD, rifampin-containing multiple antimicrobial regimens for ≥12 months after culture negative conversion are effective. However, some challenges remain, such as determining the precise length of treatment duration as well as addressing intolerable adverse effects, the uncertain effectiveness of isoniazid and ethambutol in treatment, the uncertain correlation between in vitro drug susceptibility testing and clinical outcomes, and the increasing prevalence of clarithromycin-resistant M. kansasii isolates. Short-course and effective therapies must be developed. New candidate drugs, such as tedizoid and clofazimine, exhibit excellent antimycobacterial activity against M. kansasii in vitro, but in vivo studies of their clinical applications are lacking. This paper reviews the treatment, outcomes and future directions in patients with M. kansasii-LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ling Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiang Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Inn-Wen Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Kwon BE, Ahn JH, Park EK, Jeong H, Lee HJ, Jung YJ, Shin SJ, Jeong HS, Yoo JS, Shin E, Yeo SG, Chang SY, Ko HJ. B Cell-Based Vaccine Transduced With ESAT6-Expressing Vaccinia Virus and Presenting α-Galactosylceramide Is a Novel Vaccine Candidate Against ESAT6-Expressing Mycobacterial Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2542. [PMID: 31736965 PMCID: PMC6830241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT6) is a potent immunogenic antigen expressed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as in some non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), such as M. kansasii. M. kansasii is one of the most clinically relevant species of NTM that causes mycobacterial lung disease, which is clinically indistinguishable from tuberculosis. In the current study, we designed a novel cell-based vaccine using B cells that were transduced with vaccinia virus expressing ESAT6 (vacESAT6), and presenting α-galactosylceramide (αGC), a ligand of invariant NKT cells. We found that B cells loaded with αGC had increased levels of CD80 and CD86 after in vitro stimulation with NKT cells. Immunization of mice with B/αGC/vacESAT6 induced CD4+ T cells producing TNF-α and IFN-γ in response to heat-killed M. tuberculosis. Immunization of mice with B/αGC/vacESAT6 ameliorated severe lung inflammation caused by M. kansasii infection. We also confirmed that immunization with B/αGC/vacESAT6 reduced M. kansasii bacterial burden in the lungs. In addition, therapeutic administration of B/αGC/vacESAT6 increased IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells and inhibited the progression of lung pathology caused by M. kansasii infection. Thus, B/αGC/vacESAT6 could be a potent vaccine candidate for the prevention and treatment of ESAT6-expressing mycobacterial infection caused by M. kansasii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Eun Kwon
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Ahn
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Park
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Jeong
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Ji Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Sook Jeong
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH), Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jung Sik Yoo
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH), Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - EunKyoung Shin
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH), Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Yeo
- Sejong Institute of Health and Environment, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Kwon YS, Daley CL, Koh WJ. Managing antibiotic resistance in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: challenges and new approaches. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:851-861. [PMID: 31256694 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1638765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The incidence and prevalence rates of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease have been continuously increasing worldwide. However, the rate of successful treatment of this disease greatly needs improving, particularly when intrinsic (natural) drug resistance and acquired drug resistance in NTM pulmonary disease are associated with poor outcomes for patients. Areas covered: This review covers the major pathogens that cause NTM pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium kansasii; the key drugs and recommended regimens used in the treatment of NTM pulmonary disease; the factors that contribute to resistance to the key drugs, including genetic factors and monotherapy; and the treatment strategies, including revised antibiotic regimens and surgery, that can be used to treat drug-resistant NTM pulmonary disease. Expert opinion: To avoid and overcome drug resistance in NTM pulmonary disease, the appropriate guideline-based treatments are essential, and clinical studies to evaluate new or repurposed drugs are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Charles L Daley
- Division of Mycobacterial and Respiratory Infections, National Jewish Health , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Won-Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
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