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Hoyos-Jaramillo A, Palomares R, Bittar J, Divers S, Chamorro M, Berghaus R, Kirks S, Rush J, Edmondson M, Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Altamiranda E. Clinical status and endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract of dairy calves infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 and Bovine herpes virus 1 after vaccination and trace minerals injection. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:582-595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Palomares RA. Trace Minerals Supplementation with Great Impact on Beef Cattle Immunity and Health. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202839. [PMID: 36290225 PMCID: PMC9597739 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Supplementation with trace minerals (TM) is a husbandry strategy to improve cattle health. There is solid evidence of the beneficial effects of TM supplementation on the immune system. The concentration of TM in the soil is variable across the USA, with several regions having deficient levels in forages. Therefore, TM supplementation is highly recommended especially in areas where forages do not supply the mineral requirements. Before starting TM supplementation, it is important to evaluate the herd’s mineral profile, and the amount of TM the animals are consuming. Oral free-choice TM may not be sufficient to satisfy the requirements in certain situations, and could lead to TM deficiencies. This is due to a high variability in TM composition and intake, binding to undigested feed particles, reduced absorption, and antagonisms. Single, oral pulse-dose supplementation provides a controlled and homogeneous amount of TM intended to remove such a variation. However, this strategy does not efficiently increase circulating and hepatic TM levels. Parenteral TM supplementation has resulted in a more efficient increase in TM concentration. The strategic supplementation combining injectable TM during critical times of cattle management (e.g., vaccination) in conjunction with oral free-choice supplements has shown significant benefits for the immune response and protection against respiratory disease in beef cattle, reducing morbidity and treatment costs. Abstract Trace minerals (TM) play an important role in cattle immunity, health and performance. Although TM are needed in small quantities, they are fundamental for enzymes involved in antioxidant protection against cellular damage and several pathways of the immune response. Cattle TM status results from the balance between TM dietary intake and their requirements. Free-choice oral TM supplementation is a common practice in beef cattle production systems. However, there is a high variation in TM intake and thus TM status and bioavailability in animals receiving free-choice oral TM supplements. Strategic pulse-dose supplementation during critical points of beef cattle management provides a controlled amount of TM intended to remove such a variation. Adequate TM supplementation should not only satisfy the basal requirements but also provide a source of TM when there is a higher demand of the antioxidant systems or during the development of the immune response. This paper reviews the research-based evidence of the effects of TM supplementation on immunity and its impact on beef cattle health. This review highlights the benefits of a novel approach of strategic administration of injectable trace minerals (Se, Zn, Cu and Mn) during critical episodes of cattle management (e.g., around weaning or at vaccination) in combination with free-choice oral supplementation to maintain adequate TM and oxidative status, enhanced immunity and overall cattle health. This strategy has proven to decrease morbidity, which would positively impact the productivity of the beef cattle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Palomares
- Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology & Infectious Diseases (GRAVID™), Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Maier GU, Breitenbuecher J, Gomez JP, Samah F, Fausak E, Van Noord M. Vaccination for the Prevention of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea in Cow-Calf Operations: A Scoping Review. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 15:100238. [PMID: 35243126 PMCID: PMC8866090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1950, 113 articles on vaccines for the prevention of neonatal calf diarrhea have been published in the English literature Results for field trials using commercial vaccines for E. coli, bovine rotavirus, and bovine coronavirus infections are variable No field trials for commercial Salmonella vaccines have shown efficacy Vaccines for protozoal pathogens causing calf scours as well as the importance of several emerging enteric viruses of cattle need further research
Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), also known as scours, is an important disease of preweaned calves that affects the production and welfare of beef herds. While hygiene and nutrition are important in reducing the incidence of NCD, vaccination of dams or calves is often employed for the prevention of NCD. The present scoping review summarizes the available peer-reviewed scientific English literature on vaccination of dams or calves for the prevention of NCD over the past decades. The online databases Medline, CAB Abstracts, and Biosis were searched for articles on the topic published between 1950 and 2020. Online software was used to systematically evaluate 2807 citations for inclusion through pre-determined criteria in a 2-step process. In the 113 articles included in the review, vaccines tested targeted the pathogens E. coli (n = 43), bovine rotavirus (BRV, n = 38), Salmonella (n = 29), bovine coronavirus (BCV, n = 14), bovine viral diarrhea virus (n= 7), and other pathogens (n = 8). Field trials for commercial vaccines have been published for the most important pathogens, and results on efficacy are variable for such vaccines targeting BRV, BCV, and E. coli. Meta-analyses exploring efficacy of these vaccines would be helpful to practitioners and producers. No field studies on commercial products have shown efficacy for Salmonella vaccines so that a meta-analysis would unlikely come to a different conclusion. Further research is needed on vaccines for protozoal pathogens like Cryptosporidium parvum as well as on the importance of several emerging enteric viruses in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ute Maier
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Jefferson Breitenbuecher
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jose Pablo Gomez
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Festus Samah
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erik Fausak
- University Library, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Megan Van Noord
- University Library, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Ram PK, Singh SK, Srivastava A, Kumar G, Jaiswal AK, Yadav B, Garg SK. Effects of Injectable Trace Minerals (ITMs) on Th1/Th2 Cytokine Balance of Newborn Calves with Tropical Theileriosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1397-1404. [PMID: 32572800 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Injectable trace minerals (ITMs) could provide a potential alternative way of trace mineral delivery for sick animals. Therefore, evaluation of ameliorative potentials of ITMs (copper, manganese, selenium, and zinc) on the circulating Th1/Th2 cytokine misbalance in Theileria annulata-infected calves was aimed. Forty-three T. annulata-infected newborn calves were randomly allocated into four groups: buparvaquone alone-treated group (BUPA), buparvaquone + oxytetracycline (BUPA + OXY)-treated group, buparvaquone + injectable trace minerals (BUPA + ITMs)-treated group, and BUPA + OXY + ITM-treated group. Blood samples were collected from each of the calves before the start of therapy (day 0) and on day 14 post-therapy. Serum contents of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were estimated by bovine specific ELISA kits. On day 14 post-therapy, significant amelioration in the circulating levels of the studied cytokines was not observed in the calves treated with BUPA, while the calves treated with BUPA + OXY revealed significant (P ≤ 0.04) amelioration in the circulating tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level. The calves treated with BUPA + ITMs revealed significant (P ≤ 0.041) elevation in the circulating interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and significant (P ≤ 0.011) reduction in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Moreover, the calves treated with BUPA + OXY + ITMs revealed significant reduction in TNF-α (P ≤ 0.0001) and IL-10 (P ≤ 0.012) contents, and significant elevation in IFN-γ (P ≤ 0.0002) content on day 14 post-therapy. None of the treated calve group revealed significant alteration in the circulating level of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on day 14 post-therapy. In conclusion, administration of ITMs to the therapeutic regimen of newborn calves with tropical theileriosis could be a promising therapeutic strategy. ITMs can be recommended for the amelioration of immunological misbalance due to tropical theileriosis in newborn calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Ram
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
- Animal Production Research Institute, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, 848125, India
| | - Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India.
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
| | - Brijesh Yadav
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
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Bittar JHJ, Palomares RA, Hurley DJ, Hoyos-Jaramillo A, Rodriguez A, Stoskute A, Hamrick B, Norton N, Adkins M, Saliki JT, Sanchez S, Lauber K. Immune response and onset of protection from Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 infection induced by modified-live virus vaccination concurrent with injectable trace minerals administration in newly received beef calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 225:110055. [PMID: 32438245 PMCID: PMC7184996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to improve the onset of protective immunity induced by vaccination against respiratory pathogens may have a significant impact on health of newly received beef calves. The objective was to determine if the use of injectable trace minerals (ITM; Se, Zn, Cu, and Mn) concurrent with a modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine enhances the immune response and onset of protection in beef calves challenged with BVDV2 five days after vaccination. Forty-five calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups (15/group): VAC + ITM, received MLV-vaccine and ITM (Multimin®90) subcutaneously (SC); VAC + SAL, received the same vaccine and saline SC; or UNVAC, unvaccinated. Five days after vaccination (d.0), calves were challenged with BVDV2 strain 890. Health status was evaluated and blood samples were collected for leukocyte counts, BVDV1 and 2 serum neutralizing antibodies (SNA), BVDV-PCR, and percentage of CD4+, CD8+, WC1+ and CD25+ T-cells. VAC + ITM had lower health scores than UNVAC (d.8 and 9). VAC + ITM had higher BVDV1 & 2 SNA titers than VAC + SAL and UNVAC on d.21 and 28. Lymphocyte counts decreased in UNVAC but not in VAC + ITM or VAC + SAL (d.3 to 11). CD4+ T-cells significantly decreased in UNVAC and VAC + SAL (d.3). VAC + ITM had higher percentage of CD4+ T-cells than UNVAC (d.3 and 7). VAC + ITM had lower percentage of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells than UNVAC (d.7). In summary, vaccination induced a rapid protection against BVDV2 infection. Administration of ITM was associated with increased SNA response to BVDV1 & 2, enhanced health status, mitigation of CD4+ T-cells decrease, and reduction of T-cell activation in calves challenged with BVDV2 five days after immunization. These results support the strategic use of ITM concurrent with vaccination, especially when a rapid protection is needed in newly received beef calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- João H J Bittar
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States; Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology and Infectious Diseases (GRAVID(TM)), United States; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States
| | - Roberto A Palomares
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States; Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States; Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology and Infectious Diseases (GRAVID(TM)), United States.
| | - David J Hurley
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States; Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States
| | - Alejandro Hoyos-Jaramillo
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States; Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology and Infectious Diseases (GRAVID(TM)), United States
| | - Adriana Rodriguez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States; Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology and Infectious Diseases (GRAVID(TM)), United States
| | - Agne Stoskute
- Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology and Infectious Diseases (GRAVID(TM)), United States
| | - Brianna Hamrick
- Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology and Infectious Diseases (GRAVID(TM)), United States
| | - Natalie Norton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States
| | - Morgan Adkins
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States
| | - Jeremiah T Saliki
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2771, United States
| | - Kensey Lauber
- Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology and Infectious Diseases (GRAVID(TM)), United States
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