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Abstract
Spatially resolved, line-of-sight measurements of aluminum monoxide emission spectra in laser ablation plasma are used with Abel inversion techniques to extract radial plasma temperatures. Contour mapping of the radially deconvolved signal intensity shows a ring of AlO formation near the plasma boundary with the ambient atmosphere. Simulations of the molecular spectra were coupled with the line profile fitting routines. Temperature results are presented with simultaneous inferences from lateral, asymmetric radial, and symmetric radial AlO spectral intensity profiles. This analysis indicates that shockwave phenomena in the radial profiles, including a temperature drop behind the blast wave created during plasma initiation were measured.
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Gas Phase Chemical Evolution of Uranium, Aluminum, and Iron Oxides. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10451. [PMID: 29992989 PMCID: PMC6041320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We use a recently developed plasma-flow reactor to experimentally investigate the formation of oxide nanoparticles from gas phase metal atoms during oxidation, homogeneous nucleation, condensation, and agglomeration processes. Gas phase uranium, aluminum, and iron atoms were cooled from 5000 K to 1000 K over short-time scales (∆t < 30 ms) at atmospheric pressures in the presence of excess oxygen. In-situ emission spectroscopy is used to measure the variation in monoxide/atomic emission intensity ratios as a function of temperature and oxygen fugacity. Condensed oxide nanoparticles are collected inside the reactor for ex-situ analyses using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) to determine their structural compositions and sizes. A chemical kinetics model is also developed to describe the gas phase reactions of iron and aluminum metals. The resulting sizes and forms of the crystalline nanoparticles (FeO-wustite, eta-Al2O3, UO2, and alpha-UO3) depend on the thermodynamic properties, kinetically-limited gas phase chemical reactions, and local redox conditions. This work shows the nucleation and growth of metal oxide particles in rapidly-cooling gas is closely coupled to the kinetically-controlled chemical pathways for vapor-phase oxide formation.
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Liu L, Deng L, Fan L, Huang X, Lu Y, Shen X, Jiang L, Silvain JF, Lu Y. Time-resolved resonance fluorescence spectroscopy for study of chemical reactions in laser-induced plasmas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:27000-27007. [PMID: 29092181 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.027000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of chemical intermediates and study of chemical reaction pathways and mechanisms in laser-induced plasmas are important for laser-ablated applications. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), as a promising spectroscopic technique, is efficient for elemental analyses but can only provide limited information about chemical products in laser-induced plasmas. In this work, time-resolved resonance fluorescence spectroscopy was studied as a promising tool for the study of chemical reactions in laser-induced plasmas. Resonance fluorescence excitation of diatomic aluminum monoxide (AlO) and triatomic dialuminum monoxide (Al2O) was used to identify these chemical intermediates. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra of AlO and Al2O were used to observe the temporal evolution in laser-induced Al plasmas and to study their formation in the Al-O2 chemistry in air.
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Zak EJ, Tennyson J. Ro-vibronic transition intensities for triatomic molecules from the exact kinetic energy operator; electronic spectrum for the C̃ 1B 2 ← X̃ 1A 1 transition in SO 2. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:094305. [PMID: 28886637 DOI: 10.1063/1.4986943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A procedure for calculating ro-vibronic transition intensities for triatomic molecules within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is reported. Ro-vibrational energy levels and wavefunctions are obtained with the DVR3D suite, which solves the nuclear motion problem with an exact kinetic energy operator. Absolute transition intensities are calculated both with the Franck-Condon approximation and with a full transition dipole moment surface. The theoretical scheme is tested on C̃ 1B2 ← X̃ 1A1 ro-vibronic transitions of SO2. Ab initio potential energy and dipole moment surfaces are generated for this purpose. The calculated ro-vibronic transition intensities and cross sections are compared with the available experimental and theoretical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil J Zak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Tennyson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Koroglu B, Mehl M, Armstrong MR, Crowhurst JC, Weisz DG, Zaug JM, Dai Z, Radousky HB, Chernov A, Ramon E, Stavrou E, Knight K, Fabris AL, Cappelli MA, Rose TP. Plasma flow reactor for steady state monitoring of physical and chemical processes at high temperatures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:093506. [PMID: 28964176 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of a steady state plasma flow reactor to investigate gas phase physical and chemical processes that occur at high temperature (1000 < T < 5000 K) and atmospheric pressure. The reactor consists of a glass tube that is attached to an inductively coupled argon plasma generator via an adaptor (ring flow injector). We have modeled the system using computational fluid dynamics simulations that are bounded by measured temperatures. In situ line-of-sight optical emission and absorption spectroscopy have been used to determine the structures and concentrations of molecules formed during rapid cooling of reactants after they pass through the plasma. Emission spectroscopy also enables us to determine the temperatures at which these dynamic processes occur. A sample collection probe inserted from the open end of the reactor is used to collect condensed materials and analyze them ex situ using electron microscopy. The preliminary results of two separate investigations involving the condensation of metal oxides and chemical kinetics of high-temperature gas reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batikan Koroglu
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Marco Mehl
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Michael R Armstrong
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan C Crowhurst
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - David G Weisz
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Joseph M Zaug
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Zurong Dai
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Harry B Radousky
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Alex Chernov
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Erick Ramon
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Elissaios Stavrou
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Kim Knight
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Andrea L Fabris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Cappelli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Timothy P Rose
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Hou H, Mao X, Zorba V, Russo RE. Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectrometry for Molecules Formation Chemistry in Femtosecond-Laser Ablated Plasmas. Anal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Hou
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People’s Republic of China
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xianglei Mao
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vassilia Zorba
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard E. Russo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Applied Spectra, Inc., Fremont, California 94538, United States
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Harilal SS, Brumfield BE, Cannon BD, Phillips MC. Shock Wave Mediated Plume Chemistry for Molecular Formation in Laser Ablation Plasmas. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2296-302. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivanandan S. Harilal
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brian E. Brumfield
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bret D. Cannon
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mark C. Phillips
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Hermann J, Lorusso A, Perrone A, Strafella F, Dutouquet C, Torralba B. Simulation of emission spectra from nonuniform reactive laser-induced plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:053103. [PMID: 26651798 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.053103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that chemical reactions leading to the formation of AlO radicals in plasmas produced by ablation of aluminum or Ti-sapphire with ultraviolet nanosecond laser pulses can be predicted by the model of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Therefore, emission spectra recorded with an echelle spectrometer and a gated detector were compared to the spectral radiance computed for uniform and nonuniform equilibrium plasmas. The calculations are based on analytical solutions of the radiation transfer equation. The simulations show that the plasmas produced in argon background gas are almost uniform, whereas temperature and density gradients are evidenced in air. Furthermore, chemical reactions exclusively occur in the cold plume periphery for ablation in air. The formation of AlO is negligible in argon as the plasma temperature is too large in the time interval of interest up to several microseconds. Finally, the validity of local thermodynamic equilibrium is shown to depend on time, space, and on the elemental composition. The presented conclusions are of interest for material analysis via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and for laser materials processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Hermann
- LP3, CNRS - Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Antonella Lorusso
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessio Perrone
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Strafella
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Christophe Dutouquet
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS/DRC/CARA/NOVA), 60550 Verneuil-En-Halatte, France
| | - Béatrice Torralba
- Centre Technique des Industries de la Fonderie (CTIF), 92318 Sèvres, France
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Gaona I, Serrano J, Moros J, Laserna JJ. Range-adaptive standoff recognition of explosive fingerprints on solid surfaces using a supervised learning method and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5045-52. [PMID: 24773280 DOI: 10.1021/ac500694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The distance between the sensor and the target is a particularly critical factor for an issue as crucial as explosive residues recognition when a laser-assisted spectroscopic technique operates in a standoff configuration. Particularly for laser ablation, variations in operational range influence the induced plasmas as well as the sensitivity of their ensuing optical emissions, thereby confining the attributes used in sorting methods. Though efficient classification models based on optical emissions gathered under specific conditions have been developed, their successful performance on any variable information is limited. Hence, to test new information by a designed model, data must be acquired under operational conditions totally matching those used during modeling. Otherwise, the new expected scenario needs to be previously modeled. To facing both this restriction and this time-consuming mission, a novel strategy is proposed in this work. On the basis of machine learning methods, the strategy stems from a decision boundary function designed for a defined set of experimental conditions. Next, particular semisupervised models to the envisaged conditions are obtained adaptively on the basis of changes in laser fluence and light emission with variation of the sensor-to-target distance. Hence, the strategy requires only a little prior information, therefore ruling out the tedious and time-consuming process of modeling all the expected distant scenes. Residues of ordinary materials (olive oil, fuel oil, motor oils, gasoline, car wax and hand cream) hardly cause confusion in alerting the presence of an explosive (DNT, TNT, RDX, or PETN) when tested within a range from 30 to 50 m with varying laser irradiance between 8.2 and 1.3 GW cm(-2). With error rates of around 5%, the experimental assessments confirm that this semisupervised model suitably addresses the recognition of organic residues on aluminum surfaces under different operational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Gaona
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Málaga , E-29071 Málaga, España
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Parigger CG, Woods AC, Witte MJ, Swafford LD, Surmick DM. Measurement and analysis of atomic hydrogen and diatomic molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. J Vis Exp 2014:e51250. [PMID: 24561875 DOI: 10.3791/51250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement is used. Here we operate a Nd:YAG laser at a frequency of 10 Hz at the fundamental wavelength of 1,064 nm. The 14 nsec pulses with anenergy of 190 mJ/pulse are focused to a 50 µm spot size to generate a plasma from optical breakdown or laser ablation in air. The microplasma is imaged onto the entrance slit of a 0.6 m spectrometer, and spectra are recorded using an 1,800 grooves/mm grating an intensified linear diode array and optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) or an ICCD. Of interest are Stark-broadened atomic lines of the hydrogen Balmer series to infer electron density. We also elaborate on temperature measurements from diatomic emission spectra of aluminum monoxide (AlO), carbon (C2), cyanogen (CN), and titanium monoxide (TiO). The experimental procedures include wavelength and sensitivity calibrations. Analysis of the recorded molecular spectra is accomplished by the fitting of data with tabulated line strengths. Furthermore, Monte-Carlo type simulations are performed to estimate the error margins. Time-resolved measurements are essential for the transient plasma commonly encountered in LIBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael J Witte
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee Space Institute
| | | | - David M Surmick
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee Space Institute
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Parigger CG, Woods AC, Surmick DM, Donaldson AB, Height JL. Aluminum flame temperature measurements in solid propellant combustion. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:362-366. [PMID: 24666953 DOI: 10.1366/13-07234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The temperature in an aluminized propellant is determined as a function of height and plume depth from diatomic AlO and thermal emission spectra. Higher in the plume, 305 and 508 mm from the burning surface, measured AlO emission spectra show an average temperature with 1σ errors of 2980 ± 80 K. Lower in the plume, 152 mm from the burning surface, an average AlO emission temperature of 2450 ± 100 K is inferred. The thermal emission analysis yields higher temperatures when using constant emissivity. Particle size effects along the plume are investigated using wavelength-dependent emissivity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Parigger
- The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Center for Laser Applications, 411 B.H. Goethert Parkway, Tullahoma, TN 37388 USA
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Surmick DM, Parigger CG. Aluminum monoxide emission measurements in a laser-induced plasma. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:992-996. [PMID: 25226252 DOI: 10.1366/13-07379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report temperature inferences from time-resolved emission spectra of a micro-sized plasma following laser ablation of an aluminum sample. The laser-induced breakdown event is created with the use of nanosecond pulsed laser radiation. Plasma temperatures are inferred from the aluminum monoxide spectroscopic emissions of the aluminum sample by fitting experimental to theoretically calculated spectra with a nonlinear fitting algorithm. The synthetic spectra used as a comparison for the experimental spectra are generated from accurate line strengths of aluminum monoxide bands. The inferred plasma temperatures are found to be 5315 ± 100 K at 20 μs following breakdown. At later time delays of 45 and 70 μs following breakdown, the plasma temperatures are found to be 4875 ± 95 and 4390 ± 80 K, respectively. Error analysis of the inferred temperatures is performed with the fitting algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Surmick
- The Center for Laser Applications, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, 411 B.H. Goethert Parkway, Tullahoma, TN 37388 USA
| | - Christian G Parigger
- The Center for Laser Applications, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, 411 B.H. Goethert Parkway, Tullahoma, TN 37388 USA
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Woods AC, Parigger CG, Hornkohl JO. Measurement and analysis of titanium monoxide spectra in laser-induced plasma. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:5139-5141. [PMID: 23258031 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.005139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present results including measurement and analysis of titanium monoxide. Pulsed, nanosecond Nd:YAG laser radiation is used in a typical laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy arrangement to record the spectra. This scheme provides experiments analogous to pulsed laser deposition tactics and allows for time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. The computed spectra are generated from a new, accurate line-strength file that allows us to accurately predict γ (A3Φ→X3Δ) and γ' (B3Π→X3Δ) spectral signatures. We infer temperature on the order of 3600±700 K and 4200±800 K at time delays of 52 and 72 μs, respectively. Current interest in this work includes titania (TiO2) nanoparticle generation for thin film applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Woods
- Center for Laser Applications, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, USA
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G. Parigger C. Computational Physics Activities at the University of Tennessee Space Institute. Comput Sci Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1109/mcse.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Parigger CG, Woods A, Hornkohl JO. Analysis of time-resolved superposed atomic hydrogen Balmer lines and molecular diatomic carbon spectra. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:B1-B6. [PMID: 22410906 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.0000b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present analysis of superposition spectra following laser-induced breakdown (LIB) of methane. Both hydrogen-beta and hydrogen-gamma lines contain discernible contributions from diatomic carbon emissions for time delays of 1 to 2 μs from pulsed, 8 ns, infrared Nd:YAG laser radiation LIB. Analysis of the atomic lines and molecular C(2) spectra reveal electron and molecular excitation temperatures of typically 13,000 and 5000 K, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Parigger
- The University of Tennessee Space Institute, 411 B. H. Goethert Parkway, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, USA.
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