Full spectrum and selected spectrum based chemometric methods for the simultaneous determination of Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate in laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage form

A Validated, Stability-Indicating, Eco-Friendly HPTLC Method for the Determination of Cinnarizine

The eco-friendly high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) approaches for measuring cinnarizine (CIN) are scant in reported databases. As a result, the current work has developed and validated an eco-friendly HPTLC technique for assessing CIN in commercial formulations. The proposed approach was based the use of ethyl alcohol-water (90:10 v/v) as the eco-friendly mobile phase. A wavelength of 197 nm was used to detect CIN. The greenness score of the current approach was measured using the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) approach. The current approach was linear for CIN measurement in 50–800 ng band−1 range. The current approach for CIN measurement was validated successfully using ICH guidelines and was found to be linear, accurate (% recovery = 99.07–101.29%), precise (% CV = 0.80–0.95%), robust, sensitive (LOD = 16.81 ng band−1 and LOQ = 50.43 ng band−1), specific, selective, stability-indicating, and eco-friendly. The AGREE score for the current approach was calculated to be 0.80, showing an excellent greenness characteristic of the present approach. Under forced degradation conditions, the current approach was successful in separating the CIN degradation product, demonstrating the stability-indicating qualities/selectivity of the present approach. The % assay of CIN in commercial tablet brands A and B was found to be 98.64 and 101.22%, respectively, suggesting the reliability of the present approach in the pharmaceutical analysis of CIN in commercial dosage forms. The obtained findings indicated that CIN in commercial formulations could be routinely determined using the current approach.

Ecofriendly Simple UV Spectrophotometric and Chemometric Methods for Simultaneous Estimation of Paracetamol Aceclofenac and Eperisone Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation: Assessment of Greenness Profile

This work introduces three eco-friendly UV spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol, Aceclofenac and Eperisone Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical tablet formulation. The procedures employed were simultaneous equation method and multivariate chemometric methods with phosphate buffer pH 7.80 as diluent. The simultaneous equation method encompasses absorbance measurement at three different wavelengths (λmax of the drugs). It exhibits linearity between 12–18 µg mL−1 for paracetamol, 3.69–5.53 µg mL−1 for Aceclofenac, and 2.76–4.15 µg mL−1 Eperisone hydrochloride. The results obtained for accuracy and precision by the simultaneous equation method were within the permissible limits. Principal component regression and partial least squares were the tools used for chemometric methods. The calibration set and prediction set were constructed, and the UV spectra were recorded in zero order mode, further subjected to chemometric analysis. The % recoveries obtained for Paracetamol, Aceclofenac, and Eperisone Hydrochloride by chemometric techniques showed good accuracy, and the results obtained for analytical figures of merit were acceptable. Statistical comparison of the assay results obtained for the proposed methods showed no significant difference found among the methods using one way analysis of variance. Greenness evaluation tools revealed the greenness profile of the proposed methods and found them to be ecofriendly. The described methods were appropriate for routine quality control laboratories, facilitating eco-friendly, fast, and cost effective determination of Paracetamol, Aceclofenac, and Eperisone Hydrochloride in Acemyoset P tablets.

Experimentally designed chromatographic method for the simultaneous analysis of dimenhydrinate, cinnarizine and their toxic impurities

Recently, experimental design has beaten the traditional optimization approach (one variable at a time) by providing better quality for chromatographic separation using minimal effort and resources. Benzophenone (BZP) and [1-(diphenylmethyl)piperazine] (DPP) were reported to be the most toxic impurities for dimenhydrinate (DMH) and cinnarizine (CIN), respectively. Additionally, there is no reported HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of DMH, CIN and their toxic impurities. A custom experimental design was adopted to estimate the optimum conditions that achieved the most acceptable resolution with adequate peak symmetry within the shortest run time. Desirability function was used to define the optimum chromatographic conditions and the optimum separation was achieved using XBridge® HPLC RP-C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm), acetonitrile: 0.1% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in water (90 : 10, v/v) as a mobile phase at flow rate 2 mL min-1 and UV detection at 215 nm. Method validation was carried out according to ICH guidelines and linearity was achieved in the ranges of 2-25, 1-25, 1-12.5, and 1-12.5 μg mL-1 for DMH, CIN, BZP and DPP, respectively. By application of the proposed method to the market dosage form, no interference from excipients was observed. Moreover, the greenness of the method was evaluated using the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Analytical Eco-Scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) metrics and the results revealed the green environmental impact of the developed method.

Chemometric assisted UV spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC methods for simultaneous determination of paracetamol, diphenhydramine, caffeine and phenylephrine in tablet dosage form

In this paper, Chemometric assisted UV spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC methods were developed and compared for simultaneous determination of Paracetamol, Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride, Caffeine and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in tablet dosage form. UV-Spectrophotometric analysis was carried out by applying two chemometric models namely, Principal Component Regression method (PCR) and Partial Least Squares Regression method (PLSR). Chromatographic method was developed and optimized by applying Response surface methodology -Central Composite Design (CCD). These methods were considered first for the quantification of the drugs present in the selected formulation. PCR and PLSR models were successfully validated and applied for resolving the complex UV-spectra in the wavelength range of 240-320 nm with a data interval of 1 nm. In RP-HPLC method, the identified critical factors were methanol content (45-55% v/v) and flow rate (0.75-0.85 mL/min) and the selected responses were retention time (Rt₄) of fourth eluted component and resolution (RS_1,2) between first and second eluted components. Derringer's desirability function was used for the optimization of the chromatographic method conditions which comprised of mobile phase consisting of methanol‑potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (pH 3; 10 mM) (50: 50, v/v) and at a flow rate of 0.81 mL/min with a detection wavelength of 220 nm. One-way ANOVA in 95% confidence interval revealed that there were no significant differences among the developed methods.

Simultaneous estimation of dimenhydrinate, cinnarizine and their toxic impurities benzophenone and diphenylmethylpiperazine; in silico toxicity profiling of impurities

The British Pharmacopeia (BP) reported that the carcinogenic and hepatotoxic, benzophenone (BZP) is a dimenhydrinate (DMH) impurity. On the other hand, cinnarizine (CIN) is reported to have five impurities (A–E). The toxicity profile of CIN impurities was studied and the in silico data revealed that impurity A [1-(diphenylmethyl)piperazine] (DPP) was the most toxic CIN impurity, and hence it was selected during this work. TLC-densitometric method was developed for separation and simultaneous quantitation of DMH, CIN and their toxic impurities. In the proposed method hexane : ethanol : acetone : glacial acetic acid (7 : 3 : 0.7 : 0.5, by volume) with UV scanning at 225 nm were used. Method validation was carried out according to ICH guidelines and linearity was achieved in the range 0.2–4, 0.5–5, 0.1–2.0, and 0.05–2.2 μg per band for DMH, CIN, BZP and DPP, respectively. On the application of the method to pharmaceutical formulation, no interference from additives was observed. The greenness of the method was evaluated using the analytical eco-scale and the results revealed the low negative environmental impact of the developed method.

TLC-densitometric analysis of dimenhydrinate, cinnarizine and their highly toxic impurities.