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Wang X, Zhen G, Hao X, Tong T, Ni F, Wang Z, Jia J, Li L, Tong H. Spectroscopic investigation and comprehensive analysis of the polychrome clay sculpture of Hua Yan Temple of the Liao Dynasty. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 240:118574. [PMID: 32563912 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article shows the investigation results of the polychrome clay sculptures in Hua Yan Temple of the Liao Dynasty in Datong, China. The mineral pigments, adhesive and painting techniques used in these cultural relics were systematically analyzed in this project. Optical microscope (OM), Scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses were selected as scientific micro-destructive analytical methods. The results show that the pigments in the polychrome clay sculptures include cinnabar, lead red, malachite, atacamite, azurite, orpiment and gold. Meanwhile, the presence of nitrogen-containing substances and glue-marker characteristic pyrolysis products clearly indicates that the adhesive used in most of the polychrome clay sculptures was glue-protein. Additionally, the combination of heat-bodied tung oil and glue-protein was also found in the golden areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gang Zhen
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation on Stone and Brick Materials, State Administration Bureau of Cultural Heritage (Shaanxi Provincial Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage), No.35 Kejiyilu, 710075 Xian, China
| | - Xinying Hao
- The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tong Tong
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, Kings Cross, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Fangfang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation on Stone and Brick Materials, State Administration Bureau of Cultural Heritage (Shaanxi Provincial Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage), No.35 Kejiyilu, 710075 Xian, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation on Stone and Brick Materials, State Administration Bureau of Cultural Heritage (Shaanxi Provincial Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage), No.35 Kejiyilu, 710075 Xian, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation on Stone and Brick Materials, State Administration Bureau of Cultural Heritage (Shaanxi Provincial Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage), No.35 Kejiyilu, 710075 Xian, China
| | - Hua Tong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Archaeology Research Center of Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Campos PHOV, Appoloni CR, Rizzutto MA, Leite AR, Assis RF, Santos HC, Silva TF, Rodrigues CL, Tabacniks MH, Added N. A low-cost portable system for elemental mapping by XRF aiming in situ analyses. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 152:78-85. [PMID: 31280111 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the development of a portable system that allows 2D elemental mapping of large areas (maximum of 35.0 × 35.0 cm2) by XRF. A measuring head, composed of an x-ray source and a detector, is mounted on a 3-axis stage with movement reproducibility better that 0.03 mm. The final elemental map resolution of 1.4 mm was experimentally determined in the best condition of collimation, and the same experiments indicate that the resolution is fully dominated by the x-ray beam spot size. The main goal of this new setup is to perform analyses of historical, archaeological and geological objects. Because it's lightweight, our setup has the potential to be of great utility for in situ analyses, given the great difficulty and high costs transporting the artifacts from the museum to a laboratory. The importance of this instrumentation is related to the need to identify the distribution of the chemical elements in large surface areas of cultural heritage objects by a nondestructive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H O V Campos
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
| | - C R Appoloni
- Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - M A Rizzutto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R Leite
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R F Assis
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H C Santos
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T F Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C L Rodrigues
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M H Tabacniks
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Added
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
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Freitas RP, Coelho FA, Felix VS, Pereira MO, de Souza MAT, Anjos MJ. Analysis of 19th century ceramic fragments excavated from Pirenópolis (Goiás, Brazil) using FT-IR, Raman, XRF and SEM. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 193:432-439. [PMID: 29277074 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study used Raman, FT-IR and XRF spectroscopy and SEM to analyze ceramic fragments dating from the 19th century, excavated from an old farm in the municipality of Pirenópolis, Goiás, Brazil. The results show that the samples were produced in an open oven at a firing temperature below 500°C, using raw materials including kaolinite, hematite, magnetite, quartz, microcline, albite, anhydrite, calcite, illite, orthoclase and MnO2. Although the analyses showed similarities in the manufacturing process and the presence of many minerals was common in all samples, multivariate statistical methods (PCA) allowed a more detailed assessment of similarities and differences in the mineral composition of the samples. The results of the PCA showed that the samples excavated in one of the slave quarters (senzalas) group with those excavated at the farmhouse, where the landowner lived, which indicates a paternalistic attitude towards captives, including the sharing of ceramic materials of everyday use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato P Freitas
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Simulação Computacional. LISCOMP/IFRJ-CPAR, 26600-000 Paracambi, Brazil.
| | - Filipe A Coelho
- Museu Nacional (MN-UFRJ) Quinta da Boa vista, São Cristóvão, RJ 20940-040, Brazil
| | - Valter S Felix
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Simulação Computacional. LISCOMP/IFRJ-CPAR, 26600-000 Paracambi, Brazil
| | - Marcelo O Pereira
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca - Uned-NG, 26041-271 Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelino J Anjos
- Instituto de Física Armando Dias Tavares (IFADT-UERJ), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, RJ 20550-013, Brazil
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