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Du X, Zhou Y, Schümperlin D, Laganenka L, Lee SS, Blugan G, Hardt WD, Persson C, Ferguson SJ. Fabrication and characterization of sodium alginate-silicon nitride-PVA composite biomaterials with damping properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 155:106579. [PMID: 38749266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Silicon nitride is utilized clinically as a bioceramic for spinal fusion cages, owing to its high strength, osteoconductivity, and antibacterial effects. Nevertheless, silicon nitride exhibits suboptimal damping properties, a critical factor in mitigating traumatic bone injuries and fractures. In fact, there is a scarcity of spinal implants that simultaneously demonstrate proficient damping performance and support osteogenesis. In our study, we fabricated a novel sodium alginate-silicon nitride/poly(vinyl alcohol) (SA-SiN/PVA) composite scaffold, enabling enhanced energy absorption and rapid elastic recovery under quasi-static and impact loading scenarios. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the incorporation of physical and chemical cross-linking significantly improved stiffness and recoverable energy dissipation. Concerning the interaction between cells and materials, our findings suggest that the addition of silicon nitride stimulated osteogenic differentiation while inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus growth. Collectively, the amalgamation of ceramics and tough hydrogels facilitates the development of advanced composites for spinal implants, manifesting superior damping, osteogenic potential, and antibacterial properties. This approach holds broader implications for applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Du
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Leanid Laganenka
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seunghun S Lee
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gurdial Blugan
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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He J, Liu Y, Zeng X, Tong Y, Liu R, Wang K, Shangguan X, Qiu G, Sipaut CS. Silicon Nitride Bioceramics Sintered by Microwave Exhibit Excellent Mechanical Properties, Cytocompatibility In Vitro, and Anti-Bacterial Properties. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:552. [PMID: 37998121 PMCID: PMC10671902 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14110552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon nitride is a bioceramic with great potential, and multiple studies have demonstrated its biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. In this study, silicon nitride was prepared by a microwave sintering technique that was different from common production methods. SEM and pore distribution analysis revealed the microstructure of microwave-sintered silicon nitride with obvious pores. Mechanical performance analysis shows that microwave sintering can improve the mechanical properties of silicon nitride. The CCK-8 method was used to demonstrate that microwave-sintered silicon nitride has no cytotoxicity and good cytocompatibility. From SEM and CLSM observations, it was observed that there was good adhesion and cross-linking of cells during microwave-sintered silicon nitride, and the morphology of the cytoskeleton was good. Microwave-sintered silicon nitride has been proven to be non-cytotoxic. In addition, the antibacterial ability of microwave-sintered silicon nitride against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was tested, proving that it has a good antibacterial ability similar to the silicon nitride prepared by commonly used processes. Compared with silicon nitride prepared by gas pressure sintering technology, microwave-sintered silicon nitride has excellent performance in mechanical properties, cell compatibility, and antibacterial properties. This indicates its enormous potential as a substitute material for manufacturing bone implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu He
- Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (J.H.); (Y.T.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (X.S.); (G.Q.)
| | - Yuandong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (J.H.); (Y.T.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (X.S.); (G.Q.)
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Hengyang Kaixin Special Material Technology Co., Ltd., Hengyang 421200, China;
- Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
| | - Yan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (J.H.); (Y.T.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (X.S.); (G.Q.)
| | - Run Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (J.H.); (Y.T.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (X.S.); (G.Q.)
| | - Kan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (J.H.); (Y.T.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (X.S.); (G.Q.)
| | - Xiangdong Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (J.H.); (Y.T.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (X.S.); (G.Q.)
| | - Guanzhou Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (J.H.); (Y.T.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (X.S.); (G.Q.)
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Heimann RB. Silicon Nitride Ceramics: Structure, Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5142. [PMID: 37512416 PMCID: PMC10383158 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nitride ceramics excel by superior mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties that render the material suitable for applications in several technologically challenging fields. In addition to high temperature, high stress applications have been implemented in aerospace gas turbines and internal combustion engines as well as in tools for metal manufacturing, forming, and machining. During the past few decades, extensive research has been performed to make silicon nitride suitable for use in a variety of biomedical applications. This contribution discusses the structure-property-application relations of silicon nitride. A comparison with traditional oxide-based ceramics confirms that the advantageous mechanical and biomedical properties of silicon nitride are based on a high proportion of covalent bonds. The present biomedical applications are reviewed here, which include intervertebral spacers, orthopedic and dental implants, antibacterial and antiviral applications, and photonic parts for medical diagnostics.
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Bioactive Silicon Nitride Implant Surfaces with Maintained Antibacterial Properties. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030129. [PMID: 36135564 PMCID: PMC9500919 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a promising biomaterial, currently used in spinal fusion implants. Such implants should result in high vertebral union rates without major complications. However, pseudarthrosis remains an important complication that could lead to a need for implant replacement. Making silicon nitride implants more bioactive could lead to higher fusion rates, and reduce the incidence of pseudarthrosis. In this study, it was hypothesized that creating a highly negatively charged Si3N4 surface would enhance its bioactivity without affecting the antibacterial nature of the material. To this end, samples were thermally, chemically, and thermochemically treated. Apatite formation was examined for a 21-day immersion period as an in-vitro estimate of bioactivity. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were inoculated on the surface of the samples, and their viability was investigated. It was found that the thermochemically and chemically treated samples exhibited enhanced bioactivity, as demonstrated by the increased spontaneous formation of apatite on their surface. All modified samples showed a reduction in the bacterial population; however, no statistically significant differences were noticed between groups. This study successfully demonstrated a simple method to improve the in vitro bioactivity of Si3N4 implants while maintaining the bacteriostatic properties.
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Mu J, Zhang L, Zhang C, Xu E, Wang L, Liu X, Chang G, Sun X, Ma C, Yuan H, Zhao F, Gao J. Improved sintering performance of β-SiAlON-Si 3N 4 and its osteogenic differentiation ability by adding β-SiAlON. J Biomater Appl 2022; 36:1652-1663. [PMID: 35139673 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211054323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To improve the sintering performance of silicon nitride bioceramics, we explored the effect of β-SiAlON's Z-value on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of β-SiAlON-Si3N4 composites. Results showed that the phase product was β-Si3N4. As the Z-value increased, the X-ray diffraction peaks gradually shifted to a smaller angle, the material grains were more tightly packed, and the bulk density and compressive strength increased, reaching the highest values (2.71 g/cm3 and 1157 MPa, respectively) at Z = 4. Soaking and ion-release experiments show that in an aqueous environment, a small amount of Al and Si ions were released, and no obvious decomposition occurred on the surface of the material. The biological performance showed that the growth of cultured cells in each group was in good condition, there was no obvious difference in morphology and adhesion, and the materials had good biological performance. An increase in the Z-value promotes the formation of mineralized nodules and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, which may be because the release of Si can promote osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, the addition of β-SiAlON could improve the sintering performance of β-Si3N4 without degrading its biological properties. The prepared β-SiAlON-Si3N4 composite ceramic is a latent bioceramic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Mu
- 12636School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, NO.100 Science Avenue, Zheng Zhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics, Zhengzhou University, 75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Hena Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China.,BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Hena Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China.,BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Enxia Xu
- 12636School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, NO.100 Science Avenue, Zheng Zhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics, Zhengzhou University, 75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Xinhong Liu
- 12636School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, NO.100 Science Avenue, Zheng Zhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics, Zhengzhou University, 75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guanglei Chang
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, No. 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Chengliang Ma
- 12636School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, NO.100 Science Avenue, Zheng Zhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics, Zhengzhou University, 75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huiyu Yuan
- 12636School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, NO.100 Science Avenue, Zheng Zhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics, Zhengzhou University, 75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- 12636School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, NO.100 Science Avenue, Zheng Zhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics, Zhengzhou University, 75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jinxing Gao
- 12636School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, NO.100 Science Avenue, Zheng Zhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics, Zhengzhou University, 75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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He M, Huang Y, Xu H, Feng G, Liu L, Li Y, Sun D, Zhang L. Modification of polyetheretherketone implants: From enhancing bone integration to enabling multi-modal therapeutics. Acta Biomater 2021; 129:18-32. [PMID: 34020056 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a popular thermoplastic material widely used in engineering applications due to its favorable mechanical properties and stability at high temperatures. With the first implantable grade PEEK being commercialized in 1990s, the use of PEEK has since grown exponentially in the biomedical field and has rapidly transformed a large section of the medical devices landscape. Nowadays, PEEK is a standard biomaterial used across a wide range of implant applications, however, its bioinertness remains a limitation for bone repair applications. The increasing demand for enhanced treatment efficacy/improved patient quality of life, calls for next-generation implants that can offer fast bone integration as well as other desirable therapeutic functions. As such, modification of PEEK implants has progressively shifted from offering desirable mechanical properties, enhancing bioactivity/fast osteointegration, to more recently, tackling post-surgery bacterial infection/biofilm formation, modulation of inflammation and management of bone cancers. Such progress is also accompanied by the evolution of the PEEK manufacturing technologies, to meet the ever increasing demand for more patient specific devices. However, no review has comprehensively covered the recently engaged application areas to date. This paper provides an up-to-date review on the development of PEEK-based biomedical devices in the past 10 years, with particularly focus on modifying PEEK for multi-modal therapeutics. The aim is to provide the peers with a timely update, which may guide and inspire the research and development of next generation PEEK-based healthcare products. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Significant progress has been made in PEEK processing and modification techniques in the past decades, which greatly contributed to its wide applications in the biomedical field. Despite the high volume of published literature on PEEK implant related research, there is a lack of review on its emerging applications in multi-modal therapeutics, which involve bone regeneration, anti-bacteria/anti-inflammation, and cancer inhibition, etc. This timely review covers the state-of-the-art in these exciting areas and provides the important guidance for next generation PEEK based biomedical device research and development.
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