Effect of temperature and salts on niosome-bound anti-cancer drug along with disruptive influence of cyclodextrins

Insights into interaction of quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactants with different branched-chain lengths and DNA: Multi-spectral analysis, viscosity method, and gel electrophoresis

In this study, the interactions between three quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) cationic surfactants with different branched-chain lengths (TMBAC, TEBAC, and TBBAC) and DNA are investigated by UV-vis absorption, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy, viscosity method, and gel electrophoresis. Berberine hydrochloride (BR) is utilized as a fluorescent probe. The three interaction modes and strengths are compared. The effects of surfactant concentrations, ratio of DNA and BR, and ionic strength on the interaction are estimated. DNA conformational changes are explored. The results indicate that three surfactants can interact with DNA through electrostatic interaction rather than groove and intercalation binding. The interaction results in DNA double helix compression. Also, interaction strength is TBBAC-DNA > TEBAC-DNA > TMBAC-DNA due to different branched-chain lengths. Moreover, fluorescence quenching extent is more obvious at 10.0:1.0 molar ratio (DNA: BR). The fluorescence quenching of three surfactant-DNA-BR systems is static. Three binding models are equal, and three interaction processes are spontaneous. The binding force of TBBAC-DNA is electrostatic, while that of TMBAC-DNA and TEBAC-DNA is Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. Besides, DNA conformation keeps the B-form. It is expected to offer insights into the interaction of QAS cationic surfactants with different branched-chain lengths and DNA.

Lipid vesicles: A versatile drug delivery platform for dermal and transdermal applications

Topical and transdermal application of active pharmaceutical ingredients to the skin is an attractive strategy being explored by formulation scientists to treat disease conditions rather than the oral drug delivery. Several approaches have been attempted, and many of them have emerged with significant clinical potential. However, the delivery of drugs across the skin is an arduous task due to permeation limiting barriers. It, therefore, requires the aid of external agents or carrier systems for efficient permeation. Lipid-based vesicular systems are carriers for the transport of drugs through the stratum corneum (dermal drug delivery) and into the bloodstream for systemic action (transdermal drug delivery) overcoming the barrier properties. This review article describes the various vesicular systems reported for skin delivery of actives with relevant case studies. The vesicular systems presented here are in the order of their advent from conventional systems to the advanced lipid vesicles. The design and development of drugs in vesicular systems have brought a new dimension to the treatment of disease conditions overcoming the permeation limiting barriers, thus improving its efficacy.