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Amin KF. Greenness-sustainability metrics for assessment smart-chemometric spectrophotometric strategy for evaluation of the combination of six gastric proton-pump inhibitors with two selected impurities. MethodsX 2024; 12:102670. [PMID: 38577411 PMCID: PMC10993182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Green analytical approaches are employed for the determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients, in conjunction with their impurities. Smart chemometric spectrophotometric techniques, including orthogonal partial least square (OPLS), variable selection such as genetic algorithm (GA-OPLS), and interval selection (i-OPLS), were utilized. These chemometric models were implemented for assessing six proton-pump inhibitors Omeprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, and Dexlansoprazole along with two selected official impurities, namely 4-Desmethoxy omeprazole impurity and Rabeprazole-impurity B. Experimental design was implemented to separate impurities, in the process of multivariate calibration, a five-level eight-factor calibration design consisting of 25 samples was selected. This design was deliberately selected to guarantee that the components were mutually orthogonal to assess the model's performance and reliability, a separate validation set of 15 samples was constructed. The best-performing of the proposed techniques were identified by considering the least favorable values of the Correlation Coefficient (R ≥ 0.9995), the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) values between (0.0102-0.5622), and the Relative Error of Prediction (REP) values between (0.2961-1.1917). The proposed and reported methods' greenness-sustainability was quantitatively evaluated, and a comparative study of the greenness profile was established through a spider chart, the National Environmental Method Index tool, advanced and modified NEMI along with the Hexagon tool, and the whiteness qualities of the presented approaches were assessed by implementing the recently adopted Red-Green-Blue paradigm and White Analytical Chemistry tool. These approaches are well-suited for use in quality control laboratories due to their observed acceptance, long-term sustainability, simplicity, and affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanda F.M. Amin
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
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Alarfaj NA, Alshehri EM, Al-Tamimi SA, El-Tohamy MF. Plant extract mediated synthesis of ZnO and CeO 2 nanoparticles for spectrofluorometric assay of omeprazole and domperidone in pharmaceuticals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26164. [PMID: 38390119 PMCID: PMC10882036 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The current research proposed a highly sensitive and selective spectrofluorometric approach for the assay of gastrointestinal medications omeprazole (OMZ) and domperidone (DOM). Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (ZnONPs) and cerium oxide (CeO2NPs) using Pimpinella anisum and Syzygium aromaticum extract was used as fluorescence emission catalysts for the determination of OMZ and DOM. Due to their unique optical properties, nanoparticles (NPs) form the basis for spectrofluorimetric quantification of the selected drugs. The detection studies were performed under λex/λem 350/450 nm and 284/392 nm for OMZ and DOM in the presence of ZnONPs and CeO2NPs, respectively. Under ideal conditions, fluorescence intensities (FI) were linearly with correlation coefficient (r = 0.999) over concentration ranges of 0.1-100 and 0.01-200 μg mL-1 for OMZ, 0.01-100 and 0.01-300 n g mL-1 for DOM in the presence of ZnONPs and CeO2NPs, respectively. Method validation was carried out to guarantee the accuracy, suitability, and precision of the proposed fluorescence (FL) systems for the determination of OMZ and DOM. Analytical method guidelines and requirements were followed. The designed procedure was used effectively to identify the determined drugs in both their pure and commercial versions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal A Alarfaj
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman M Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma A Al-Tamimi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha F El-Tohamy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
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Mohamed HM, Essam HM. Spectrophotometric resolution for quantitative analysis of aspirin and rivaroxaban combination therapy in biological fluids using simple and eco-friendly procedure. BMC Chem 2024; 18:36. [PMID: 38374162 PMCID: PMC10877750 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the lower extremities have a higher likelihood of suffering from major vascular events. Recently, FDA has approved the combination therapy of aspirin (ASP) and rivaroxaban (ROX) to reduce acute limb ischemia and other comorbidities in (PAD) patients. Zero order and ratio absorption spectra were employed in three simple and accurate spectrophotometric techniques (dual wavelength (DW), ratio difference (RD) and derivative ratio (1DD) for concurrent detection and quantification of ASP and ROX in their pure forms, lab synthetic mixtures and in biological fluid. Our approach involves careful parameter optimization, including solvent selection, sample volumes, and instrumental settings, to reduce the analysis environmental impact. The acquired recovery percentages of accuracy were within 98-102% for pure active pharmaceutical ingredients and 90-110% for pharmaceutical formulations and biological determinations. A comprehensive assessment was done to compare the three methods regarding their ease of use, linearity, sensitivity, conditions, and limitations. The specificity of the proposed methods was evaluated by analyzing the lab synthetic mixtures. The suggested spectrophotometric methods were validated in compliance with ICH guidelines to confirm the validity claims. Also, statistical analysis was done to compare the outcomes obtained from the suggested methods with those obtained from the official ones and they agreed with null hypothesis regarding accuracy and precision. Furthermore, a comprehensive assessment of the environmental sustainability of the developed method was carried out using the Analytical Greenness Calculator, AGREE algorithm. The selected drugs can be efficiently, safely and economically analyzed by the suggested methods in pharmaceutical and biological matrices with no pretreatment or preliminary separation steps and thereby increasing their greenness level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Mohamed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Hebatallah M Essam
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Habibi B, Pashazadeh S, Pashazadeh A, Saghatforoush LA. An amplified electrochemical sensor employing one-step synthesized nickel-copper-zinc ferrite/carboxymethyl cellulose/graphene oxide nanosheets composite for sensitive analysis of omeprazole. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29931-29943. [PMID: 37860173 PMCID: PMC10582824 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a signal amplification strategy was designed by the fabrication of a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on nickel-copper-zinc ferrite (Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for determination of omeprazole (OMP). The one-step synthesized Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4/CMC/GONs nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Then, the Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4/CMC/GONs/GCE was applied to study the electrochemical behavior of the OMP. Electrochemical data show that the Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4/CMC/GONs/GCE exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance on the oxidation of OMP compared with bare GCE, GONs/GCE, CMC/GONs/GCE and MFe2O4/GCE (M = Cu, Ni and Zn including single, double and triple of metals) which can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the nanocomposite components, outstanding electrical properties of Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4 and high conductivity of CMC/GONs as well as the further electron transport action of the nanocomposite. Under optimal conditions, the Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4/CMC/GONs/GCE offers a high performance toward the electrodetermination of OMP with the wide linear-range responses (0.24-5 and 5-75 μM), lower detection limit (0.22 ± 0.05 μM), high sensitivity (1.1543 μA μM-1 cm-2), long-term signal stability and reproducibility (RSD = 2.54%). It should be noted that the Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4/CMC/GONs/GCE sensor could also be used for determination of OMP in drug and biological samples, indicating its feasibility for real analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biuck Habibi
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz 53714-161 Iran +98 41 34327541 +98 41 31452135
| | - Sara Pashazadeh
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz 53714-161 Iran +98 41 34327541 +98 41 31452135
| | - Ali Pashazadeh
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz 53714-161 Iran +98 41 34327541 +98 41 31452135
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Sebaiy MM, El-Adl SM, Nafea A, Aljazzar SO, Elkaeed EB, Mattar AA, Elbaramawi SS. Different methods for resolving overlapping UV spectra of combination medicinal dose forms of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. BMC Chem 2023; 17:137. [PMID: 37817284 PMCID: PMC10566196 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Four simple, specific, easy, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods were developed for the first time to examine ciprofloxacin and metronidazole in combination, without having been separated beforehand by the developed methods. Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole were determined by utilizing advanced absorbance subtraction (AAS), spectrum subtraction, bivariate and ratio difference methods. Precision, repeatability, robustness, and accuracy were all determined to be within acceptable levels after each of these procedures underwent validation in accordance with ICH recommendations. Each method's benefits and drawbacks are illustrated, and the proposed and reported methodologies were statistically compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Sebaiy
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Sobhy M El-Adl
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Alaa Nafea
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Samar O Aljazzar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr A Mattar
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Samar S Elbaramawi
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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El-Sayed HM, El-Abassy OM, Abdellatef HE, Hendawy HAM, Ibrahim H. Green Spectrophotometric Platforms for Resolving Overlapped Spectral Signals of Recently Approved Antiparkinsonian Drug (Safinamide) in the Presence of Its Synthetic Precursor (4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde): Applying Ecological Appraisal and Comparative Statistical Studies. J AOAC Int 2022; 106:26-33. [PMID: 36214622 PMCID: PMC9619678 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safinamide, a highly specific inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B, is a new approved prodigious therapy used to cure Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE Before marketing and selling a medicine, manufacturers must guarantee that the manufacturing process is consistent by monitoring levels of process-related chemicals and drug contaminants. Therefore, five precise, fast, and accurate spectrophotometric techniques were employed and evaluated for the simultaneous measurement of safinamide and its synthetic precursor, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. METHODS The first derivative, derivative ratio, ratio difference, dual wavelength, and Fourier self-deconvolution methods worked well to resolve spectral overlap of safinamide and its synthetic precursor, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. RESULTS Safinamide detection limits ranged from 0.598 to 1.315 µg/mL, whereas the 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde detection limit was found to be as low as 0.327 µg/mL. CONCLUSION According to International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) criteria, all procedures were verified and confirmed to be accurate, robust, repeatable, and precise within reasonable range. No considerable variation was found when comparing the outcomes of the suggested approaches to the findings of previously published methods. The ecological value of established methods was measured: the national environmental methods index (NEMI), the analytical eco-scale, the analytical greenness metric (AGREE), and the green analytical process index (GAPI) were used. HIGHLIGHTS This is the first spectrophotometric determination of safinamide drug in the presence of its synthetic precursor. Five simple and efficient spectrophotometric approaches were employed to determine a newly approved antiparkinsonian drug in the presence of its synthetic precursor simultaneously. Ecological appraisal was performed for the developed methods using four assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M El-Sayed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Omar M El-Abassy
- Corresponding author: Correspondence to Omar M El-Abassy, Teaching assistant of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail:
| | - Hisham Ezzat Abdellatef
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hassan A M Hendawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hany Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
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Ibrahim H, El-Abassy OM, Abdellatef HE, Hendawy HAM, El-Sayed HM. Simultaneous analysis of two drugs used as supportive treatment for COVID-19: comparative statistical studies and analytical ecological appraisal. BMC Chem 2022; 16:72. [PMID: 36167604 PMCID: PMC9514717 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical quality control products (QC) demand quick, sensitive, and cost-effective methods to ensure high production at a low cost. Green analytical methods are also becoming more common in pharmaceutical research to cut down on the amount of waste that goes into the environment. Meclizine hydrochloride (MZH) and pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYH) are reported to be excellent for calming down COVID-19. As a result, the amount of MZH and PYH manufactured by multinational pharmaceutical organizations has increased considerably during the last several months. The present work proposes three environmentally friendly, straightforward, and sensitive spectrophotometric procedures for quantification of MZH in the presence of PYH in a pure and marketable formulations. The approaches under examination include ratio subtraction (RSM), induced dual wavelength (IDW), and Fourier self-deconvolution (FSD). PYH, on the other hand, was directly quantified at 290 nm. For both drugs, the procedures follow Beer’s law in the range of (5–50 µg/mL). The RSM, IDW, and FSD methods, as well as the zero-order approach for PYH, have all been verified in accordance with ICH standards. The ecological value of established methodologies was determined using four distinct ways: the national environmental methods index (NEMI), the analytical Eco-scale, the Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE), and the green analytical process index (GAPI). Comparing the findings to those of the previously described spectrophotometric technique, no major changes were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Omar M El-Abassy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt.
| | - Hisham Ezzat Abdellatef
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Hassan A M Hendawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba M El-Sayed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Taha AM, Said RAM, Mousa IS, Elsayed TM. Simultaneous determination of ofloxacin and bromfenac in combined dosage form using four different spectrophotometric methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 273:121066. [PMID: 35231759 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Four simple, precise, accurate and validated spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of ofloxacin (OFL) and bromfenac sodium (BROM). Firstly, first and second derivative spectrophotometric methods (1D &2D) using a zero-crossing technique utilizing 309.3 and 257.5 nm for OFL and 290.7 and 246.5 nm for BROM as optimum working wavelengths in a binary mixture, respectively. Secondly, the first derivative ratio spectrophotometric method (1DD) in which peak amplitudes at 297.3 nm and 260.7 nm were chosen to simultaneously estimate OFL and BROM, respectively. Thirdly, dual wavelength (DW) method based on two selected wavelengths for each drug in such a way that the difference in absorbance is zero for the second one. At wavelengths 296.4, 348.4 nm BROM has equal absorbance values, therefore, these two wavelengths have been used to determine OFL. Similarly, 271.7 nm and 313.1 nm were selected to determine BROM in the combined formulation. Finally, the fourth method depends on ratio difference spectrophotometry (RDSM), in which the difference between amplitudes at 305.6 nm and 326.5 nm on the ratio spectrum of the mixture was directly proportional to the concentration of OFL; independent of the interfering components. Similarly, the difference between amplitudes at 265.1 nm and 275.4 nm on the ratio spectrum was used for the determination of BROM. The linearity was confirmed in the range of 4 - 18 µg/ml for OFL and BROM for the four methods. The proposed methods were used to determine both drugs in their laboratory prepared mixture and combined formulation with mean percentage recoveries of 99.41 ± 1.35% for OFL and 99.98 ± 1.30 % for BROM in method (A). In method (B), the mean percentage recoveries were 101.70 ± 1.61% for OFL and 101.90 ± 1.45% for BROM. In method (C) OFL was 99.57 ± 1.61% and 100.90 ± 1.62% for BROM. Finally, in method (D) the mean percentage recoveries were 99.37 ± 1.67% for OFL and 100.70 ± 1.59% for BROM. The developed methods were successfully employed for determination of OFL and BROM in laboratory prepared mixtures and combined formulation showing satisfactory recoveries. Methods validation was performed according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The obtained results conformed to the accepted ranges of recovery, precision and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Taha
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Al-Arish, Egypt
| | - Ragab A M Said
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11751, Egypt; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim S Mousa
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Al-Arish, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Elsayed
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Al-Arish, Egypt.
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Saad Radwan A, Salim MM, Hadad GM, Belal F, Elkhoudary MM. Simultaneous estimation of recently FDA approved co-formulated ophthalmic solution benoxinate and fluorescein: Application to aqueous humor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120599. [PMID: 34810099 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nine simple, cost-effective, and sensitive spectrophotometric methods were developed to simultaneously assay benoxinate HCl and fluorescein sodium in their co-formulated eye drops without barring common excipients. A direct UV spectrophotometric method (method I) was developed for their FLU assay at 481 nm over the concentration range of 0.6-10.0 μg mL-1. Meanwhile, BEN was assayed over the concentration range of 1.0-25.0 μg mL-1 by different UV based methods, namely, conventional dual-wavelength method (DW) (method II), first derivative1D spectrophotometry (method III), second derivative2D spectrophotometry (method IV), ratio spectra difference spectrophotometry (method V), the first derivative of ratio spectra (method VI), ratio subtraction method (method VII), isosbestic point method (ISP) (method VIII) and absorption factor method (method IX). The performance of the proposed methods was assessed relying on the correlation coefficients, relative standard deviations, and limits of detection and quantitation. The variance ratio F-test and Student t-test showed no significant differences between the obtained results of the developed methods and those of reference methods. The proposed methods were also applied to determine studied drugs in commercial eye drops and aqueous humor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Saad Radwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Salim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Hadad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Elkhoudary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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