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Amutha V, Deepak P, Tamilselvan C, Tamilselvan L, Selvaraj R, Guru A, Balasubramanian B, Thiyagaraulu N, Aiswarya D, Vellingiri MM, Prasannakumar C, Shaik MR, Hussain SA. Green Synthesis of Cymodocea serrulata Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Sustainable Antibacterial, and Mosquito Control and their Toxicity to non-target Organisms. 3 Biotech 2025; 15:159. [PMID: 40352769 PMCID: PMC12064551 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-025-04312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, malaria, and filariasis have become serious global health concerns due to their contagious nature and widespread prevalence. In this study, ZnO NPs biosynthesized using the seagrass extract of Cymodocea serrulata (CS-ZnO NPs) were prepared from the leaf part and evaluated for their toxicity potential against the larvae, pupae, and adults of various mosquito species, including Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles stephensi. The CS-ZnO NPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, and zeta potential analyses. The CS-ZnO NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against tested bacterial strains: Pseudomonas otitidis (22 ± 0.81 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (18.66 ± 0.47 mm), Bacillus subtilis (14 ± 0.81 mm), and Serratia marcescens (9.66 ± 0.47 mm). Among the mosquito species tested, A. stephensi exhibited the most effective toxicity response. The ovicidal activity of CS-ZnO NPs against A. stephensi showed 12% egg hatchability at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Furthermore, the larvicidal efficacy of CS-ZnO NPs against A. stephensi displayed strong lethal effects, with LC50 and LC90 values (in µg/mL) recorded as follows: 2.79 and 72.86 for the first instar, 5.89 and 209.93 for the second instar, 7.38 and 328.43 for the third instar, 9.56 and 435.36 for the fourth instar larvae; 8.18 and 357.68 for pupae; and 4.51 and 238.96 for adults. Biosafety assessments were conducted on Danio rerio embryos and Artemia salina nauplii to confirm the non-toxic nature of CS-ZnO NPs. Overall, C. serrulata-synthesized CS-ZnO NPs present a promising, eco-friendly alternative for controlling mosquitoes and eradicating deadly mosquito-borne diseases such as filariasis, dengue, and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Amutha
- Department of Entomology, Bioscience Research Foundation, Sengadu, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu 602 002 India
| | - Paramasivam Deepak
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560077 India
| | - Chidambaram Tamilselvan
- Department of Entomology, Bioscience Research Foundation, Sengadu, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu 602 002 India
- Animal House Facility, Bioscience Research Foundation, Sengadu, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu 602 002 India
| | - Latha Tamilselvan
- Department of Information Technology, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, (Formerly Crescent Engineering College), Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600048 India
| | - Ramasamy Selvaraj
- Animal House Facility, Bioscience Research Foundation, Sengadu, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu 602 002 India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Chennai, Punjab India
| | | | - Nathiya Thiyagaraulu
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560077 India
| | - Dilipkumar Aiswarya
- Department of Biotechnology, AVS College of Arts and Science, Omalur, Chikkanampatty, Salem, 636309 India
| | - Manon Mani Vellingiri
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560077 India
| | - Chinnamani Prasannakumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560077 India
| | - Mohammed Rafi Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik Althaf Hussain
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box - 2454, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ameen HM, Jayadev A, Prasad G, Nair DI. Seagrass Meadows: Prospective Candidates for Bioactive Molecules. Molecules 2024; 29:4596. [PMID: 39407526 PMCID: PMC11478234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29194596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Seagrass meadows consist of angiosperms that thrive fully submerged in marine environments and form distinct ecosystems. They provide essential support for many organisms, acting as nursery grounds for species of economic importance. Beyond their ecological roles, seagrasses and their associated microbiomes are rich sources of bioactive compounds with the potential to address numerous human healthcare challenges. Seagrasses produce bioactive molecules responding to physical, chemical, and biological environmental changes. These activities can treat microbe-borne diseases, skin diseases, diabetes, muscle pain, helminthic diseases, and wounds. Seagrasses also offer potential secondary metabolites that can be used for societal benefits. Despite numerous results on their presence and bioactive derivatives, only a few studies have explored the functional and therapeutic properties of secondary metabolites from seagrass. With the increasing spread of epidemics and pandemics worldwide, the demand for alternative drug sources and drug discovery has become an indispensable area of research. Seagrasses present a reliable natural source, making this an opportune moment for further exploration of their pharmacological activities with minimal side effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemical, phytochemical, and biomedical applications of seagrasses globally over the last two decades, highlighting the prospective areas of future research for identifying biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazeena M. Ameen
- Postgraduate Department of Environmental Sciences, All Saints’ College (Affiliated to the University of Kerala), Thiruvananthapuram 695007, India;
| | - Ayona Jayadev
- Postgraduate Department of Environmental Sciences, All Saints’ College (Affiliated to the University of Kerala), Thiruvananthapuram 695007, India;
| | - Geena Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 641112, India
| | - Deepa Indira Nair
- Department of Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia;
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Wehbe N, Bechelany M, Badran A, Al-Sawalmih A, Mesmar JE, Baydoun E. A Phytochemical Analysis and the Pharmacological Implications of the Seagrass Halodule uninervis: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:993. [PMID: 39204098 PMCID: PMC11357459 DOI: 10.3390/ph17080993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that inhabit tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They play a vital role in marine biodiversity and the ecosystem by providing habitats and food for several marine organisms, stabilizing sediments, and improving water quality. Halodule uninervis from the family Cymodoceaceae has been used in traditional folk medicine for the treatment of many ailments. Additionally, several identified bioactive metabolites have been shown to contribute to its pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. As such, H. uninervis could contribute to the development of novel drugs for various diseases. This review aims to compile the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of H. uninervis. Furthermore, details about its botanical characteristics and ecological significance are also discussed. By providing valuable insights into the role of H. uninervis in both the marine ecosystem and biomedicine, this review helps to highlight its potential as a therapeutic agent for future drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Wehbe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (N.W.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes-IEM (UMR 5635), University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Functional Materials Group, Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST), Mubarak Al-Abdullah 32093, Kuwait
| | - Adnan Badran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 1196, Jordan;
| | - Ali Al-Sawalmih
- Marine Science Station, University of Jordan, Aqaba 11942, Jordan;
| | - Joelle Edward Mesmar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (N.W.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Elias Baydoun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (N.W.); (J.E.M.)
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Narayanan M, Srinivasan S, Gnanasekaran C, Ramachandran G, Chelliah CK, Rajivgandhi G, Maruthupandy M, Quero F, Li WJ, Hayder G, Khaled JM, Arunachalam A, Manoharan N. Synthesis and characterization of marine seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata) mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles for antibacterial, antibiofilm and antioxidant properties. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106595. [PMID: 38387848 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cymodocea serrulata mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were successfully synthesized. The XRD pattern and FTIR spectra demonstrated the crystalline structure of TiO2 NPs and the presence of phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids in the extract. Further SEM revealed that TiO2 NPs has uniform structure and spherical in shape with their size ranged from 58 to 117 nm. Antibacterial activity of TiO2 NPs against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), provided the zone of inhibition of 33.9 ± 1.7 and 36.3 ± 1.9 mm, respectively at 100 μg/mL concentration. MIC of TiO2 NPs against MRSA and V. cholerae showed 84% and 87% inhibition at 180 μg/mL and 160 μg/mL respectively. Subsequently, the sub-MIC of V. cholerae demonstrated minimal or no impact on bacterial growth at concentration of 42.5 μg/mL concentration. In addition, TiO2 NPs exhibited their ability to inhibit the biofilm forming V. cholerae which caused distinct morphological and intercellular damages analysed using CLSM and TEM. The antioxidant properties of TiO2 NPs were demonstrated through TAA and DPPH assays and exposed its scavenging activity with IC50 value of 36.42 and 68.85 μg/mL which denotes its valuable antioxidant properties with potential health benefits. Importantly, the brine shrimp based lethality experiment yielded a low cytotoxic effect with 13% mortality at 100 μg/mL. In conclusion, the multifaceted attributes of C. serrulata mediated TiO2 NPs encompassed the antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-biofilm inhibition effects with low cytotoxicity in nature were highlighted in this study and proved the bioderived TiO2 NPs could be used as a promising agent for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohankumar Narayanan
- Marine Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suganthi Srinivasan
- Marine Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chackaravarthi Gnanasekaran
- Marine Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindan Ramachandran
- Marine Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chenthis Kanisha Chelliah
- Marine Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindan Rajivgandhi
- Marine Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India; Laboratorio de Nanocelulosa y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad DeChile, Avenida Beauchef 851, 8370456, Santiago, Chile; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Muthuchamy Maruthupandy
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-Dearo 550 Beon-Gil, Saha-Gu, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Franck Quero
- Laboratorio de Nanocelulosa y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad DeChile, Avenida Beauchef 851, 8370456, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Gasim Hayder
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, 43000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Jamal M Khaled
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arulraj Arunachalam
- Departamento de Electricidad, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTEM), Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natesan Manoharan
- Marine Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Aravinth A, Dhanasundaram S, Perumal P, Kamaraj C, Khan SU, Ali A, Ragavendran C, Amutha V, Rajaram R, Santhanam P, Luna-Arias JP, Mashwani ZUR. Evaluation of Brown and red seaweeds-extracts as a novel larvicidal agent against the deadly human diseases-vectors, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Exp Parasitol 2024; 256:108651. [PMID: 37944660 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever are predominantly transmitted by insect vectors like Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus in tropical regions like India and Africa. In this study, we assessed the larvicidal activity of commonly found seaweeds, including Padina gymnospora, P. pavonica, Gracilaria crassa, Amphiroa fragilissima, and Spatoglossum marginatum, against these mosquito vectors. Our findings indicate that extracts from P. gymnospora Ethyl Acetate (PgEA), P. pavonica Hexane (PpH), and A. fragilissima Ethyl Acetate (AfEA) displayed the highest larval mortality rates for A. stephensi, with LC50 values of 10.51, 12.43, and 6.43 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the PgEA extract from P. gymnospora exhibited the highest mortality rate for A. aegypti, with an LC50 of 27.0 μg/mL, while the PgH extract from the same seaweed showed the highest mortality rate for C. quinquefasciatus, with an LC50 of 9.26 μg/mL. Phytochemical analysis of the seaweed extracts revealed the presence of 71 compounds in the solvent extracts. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the selected seaweeds indicated the presence of functional groups such as alkanes, alcohols, and phenols. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the seaweeds identified major compounds, including hexadecanoic acid in PgEA, tetradecene (e)- in PpEA, octadecanoic acid in GcEA, and 7-hexadecene, (z)-, and trans-7-pentadecene in SmEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamalai Aravinth
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Sundaramoorthy Dhanasundaram
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Pachiappan Perumal
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Safir Ullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife & Fisheries, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
| | - Amir Ali
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Program Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico; Department of Zoology, Wildlife & Fisheries, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India
| | - Vadivel Amutha
- Department of Entomology, Bioscience Research Foundation, Kandamangalam, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, 602 002, India
| | - Rajendran Rajaram
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India.
| | - Perumal Santhanam
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Juan Pedro Luna-Arias
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Program Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico; Department of Zoology, Wildlife & Fisheries, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
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