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Gupta S, Nguyen T, Freeman PR, Simon K. Competitive effects of federal and state opioid restrictions: Evidence from the controlled substance laws. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2023; 91:102772. [PMID: 37634274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
A significant concern in the policy landscape of the U.S. opioid crisis is whether supply-side controls can reduce opioid prescribing without harmful substitution. We consider an unstudied policy: the federal Controlled Substance Act (CSA) restrictions placed in August 2014 on tramadol, the second most popular opioid medication. This was followed seven weeks later by CSA restrictions for hydrocodone combination products, the leading opioids on the market. Using regression discontinuity design (RDD) models, based on the timing of the (up-)scheduling changes, to explore spillover effects, we find that tightening prescribing restrictions on one opioid reduces its use, but increases prescribing of close competitors, leading to no reduction in total opioid prescriptions.This suggests that supply restrictions are not effective in reducing opioid prescribing the presence of close substitutes that remain unrestricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Gupta
- Department of Economics, IUPUI, Cavanaugh Hall, Room 523, 425 University Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46032, United States of America.
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, M3234 SPH II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
| | - Patricia R Freeman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd. Jr. Building, Room 260, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America.
| | - Kosali Simon
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University and NBER, 1315 East Tenth Street, Room 443, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America.
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Huang Y, Lyu N, Gohil S, Bapat S, Essien EJ, Thornton JD. Intention to get naloxone among patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:104. [PMID: 36138420 PMCID: PMC9502607 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription opioids have been increasingly prescribed for chronic pain while the opioid-related death rates grow. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is increasingly recommended in these patients, yet there is limited research that investigates the intention to get naloxone. This study aimed to investigate intention toward getting naloxone in patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain and to assess the predictive utility of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) constructs in explaining intention to get naloxone. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of a panel of U.S. adult patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain using a Qualtrics®XM survey. These patients participated in the study during February to March 2020. The online internet survey assessed the main outcome of intention to get naloxone and constructs of TRA (attitudes and subjective norms); additional measures assessed the characteristics of patients' opioid overdose risk factors, knowledge of naloxone, and their demographics. The relationship between TRA constructs, namely, attitudes and subjective norms, and the intention variable was examined using logistic regression analyses with the intention outcome contrasted as follows: high intention (scores ≥ 5) and non-high intention (scores < 5). RESULTS A total of 549 participants completed the survey. Most of them were female (53.01%), White or Caucasian (83.61%), non-Hispanic (87.57%) and had a mean age of 44.16 years (SD = 13.37). Of these, 167 (30.42%) had high intention to get naloxone. The TRA construct of subjective norm was significantly associated with increased likelihood of higher intentions to get naloxone (OR 3.04, 95% CI 2.50-3.70, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides empirical support of the TRA in predicting intention to get naloxone among chronic pain patients currently taking opioids. Subjective norms significantly predicted intention to get naloxone in these patients. The interventions targeting important reference groups of these patients would have greater impact on increasing intention to get naloxone in this population. Future studies should test whether theory-based interventions focusing on strengthening subjective norms increase intention to get naloxone in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Room 9045, Houston, USA, TX, 77204
| | - Ning Lyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Room 9045, Houston, USA, TX, 77204
| | - Shrey Gohil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Room 9045, Houston, USA, TX, 77204
| | - Shweta Bapat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Room 9045, Houston, USA, TX, 77204
| | - E James Essien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Room 9045, Houston, USA, TX, 77204
| | - J Douglas Thornton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Room 9045, Houston, USA, TX, 77204. .,Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research (PREMIER) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Eldrwish MA, Aigbogun O, Kani Y, Sambasivan M. Attitude towards pharmaceutical promotional tools and its influence on physicians’ prescribing behaviour in Sudan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND HEALTHCARE MARKETING 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ijphm-03-2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Due to the proliferation of generic medicines, pharmaceutical marketing has become increasingly competitive, and marketing executives are now focusing their attention on understanding the prescribing behaviour of physicians to enable them to devise marketing strategies that would put them at a superior business position relative to their competitors. Previous studies carried out either lack a sound theoretical foundation, or report contrasting results, making generalizations sketchy. Thus, a better understanding of attitude-prescribing axiom is needed. Underpinned by the theory of reasoned action (TRA), this study aims to empirically examine the factors that predict the prescribing behaviour of physicians.
Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual model was developed and tested on a sample of 355 respondents drawn from 76 private and 50 public hospitals in Sudan. The data set from the questionnaire survey included both general practitioners (N = 200) and specialists (N = 155). Primary data gathered were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).
Findings
The findings reveal that the prescribing behaviour of physicians is positively influenced by the physician’s attitude towards direct marketing, personal selling, educational travel and public relations, but negatively influenced by gifts. Besides, the moderating effect of subjective norms showed no significant influence on the relationship between attitude and prescribing behaviour. However, gender seems to moderate the attitude towards health sector-related charity on prescribing behaviour and the attitude towards scientific conferences on prescribing behaviour.
Research limitations/implications
The findings gathered from this study offers a significant contribution to the ongoing debate on the essential factors that influence the prescribing behaviour of physicians in the hospital setting.
Originality/value
By examining the essential factors that predict physicians’ prescribing behaviour, pharmaceutical companies can improve their understanding of physicians’ attitudes towards the pharmaceutical promotional tools. This is an aspect that is ill reflected in the literature.
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Lu Y, Liu C, Fawkes S, Wang Z, Yu D. Perceived extrinsic barriers hinder community detection and management of mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study of general practitioners in Shanghai, China. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:497. [PMID: 35681136 PMCID: PMC9185915 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background General practitioners (GPs) play a critical role in community detection and management of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Although adequate knowledge is essential, healthcare practice is shaped by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study aimed to test the mediating effect of perceived extrinsic barriers on the associations between knowledge, attitudes, and intended practice of GPs in community detection and management of MCI. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey of 1253 GPs sampled from 56 community health centres (CHCs) in Shanghai in 2021. Perceived extrinsic barriers were rated on a five-point Likert scale for patient engagement, working environment, and system context, respectively. A summed score was generated subsequently for each domain ranging from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating higher barriers. The mediating effect of perceived extrinsic barriers (second-order) and the moderation effect of training on the association between MCI knowledge and practice scores, as well as the moderation effect of past experience on the association between MCI knowledge and extrinsic barriers, were tested through structural equation modelling (SEM) with a partial least square (PLS) approach. Results The study participants reported an average barrier score of 65.23 (SD = 13.98), 58.34 (SD = 16.95), and 60.37 (SD = 16.99) for patient engagement, working environment, and system context, respectively. Although knowledge had both direct and indirect (through attitudes) effects on intended practice, perceived extrinsic barriers negatively mediated (β = − 0.012, p = 0.025) the association between knowledge and practice. Training moderated the effect of knowledge on practice (β = − 0.066, p = 0.014). Conclusions Perceived extrinsic barriers have a detrimental effect on the translation of knowledge into practice for community detection and management of MCI. The effect of training on practice declines when knowledge scores become higher. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-022-03175-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- Department of General Practice, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.,Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai General Practice and Community Health Development Research Center, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Chaojie Liu
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Sally Fawkes
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dehua Yu
- Department of General Practice, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China. .,Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai General Practice and Community Health Development Research Center, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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Santos EE, Korah J, Subramanian S, Murugappan V, Huang ES, Laiteerapong N, Cinar A. Analyzing Medical Guideline Dissemination Behaviors Using Culturally Infused Agent Based Modeling Framework. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:2137-2149. [PMID: 33465031 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2021.3052809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical practice guidelines are a critical medium for the standardization of practices within the overall medical community. However, several studies have shown that, in general, there is a significant delay in the adoption of recommendations in such guidelines. Surveys have identified multiple barriers, including clinical inertia, organizational culture/incentives, access to information and peer influence on guideline dissemination and adoption. Although modeling techniques, especially agent-based models, have shown promise, a rigorous computational model for guideline dissemination that incorporates the intricacies of medical decision making and interactions of healthcare workers, and can identify more effective dissemination strategies, is needed. Similar modeling and simulation issues are also prevalent in many other domains such as opinion diffusion, innovation, and technology adoption. In this paper, we introduce a novel overarching computational modeling and simulation framework called the Culturally Infused Agent Based Modeling (CI-ABM) Framework. CI-ABM is a generalizable framework that provides the capability to model a wide range of real-world complex scenarios. To validate the framework, we focus on modeling and analyzing the dissemination of a Type 2 diabetes guideline that recommends individualizing glycemic (A1C) goals. Using existing cross-sectional surveys from physicians across the US, we demonstrate how our methodology for incorporating various socio-cultural and other related factors in agent based models lead to better posterior probability-based analysis and prediction of guideline dissemination behaviors.
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Usmani SA, Hollmann J, Goodin A, Hincapie-Castillo JM, Adkins LE, Ourhaan N, Oueini R, Bhagwandass H, Easey T, Vouri SM. Effects of hydrocodone rescheduling on opioid use outcomes: A systematic review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 61:e20-e44. [PMID: 33127312 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate opioid prescribing, dispensing, and use in relation to hydrocodone-containing product (HCP) rescheduling. METHODS Seven biomedical databases and grey literature sources were searched with keywords and database-specific controlled vocabulary relevant to HCP rescheduling for items published between January 2014 and July 2019. We included English-language quasi-experimental studies that assessed changes in HCP and other opioid prescribing, dispensing, utilization, and opioid-related health outcomes before and after HCP rescheduling. A data extraction sheet was created for this review. Two authors evaluated risk of bias for each included study. Two of 4 authors each independently extracted patient demographics and opioid-related outcomes from the included studies. Conflicts were resolved by a third author. RESULTS All studies identified (n = 44) were quasi-experimental in design with 10 using an interrupted time series approach. A total of 24 studies reported a decrease in HCP prescribing by 3.1%-66.0%. Six studies reported a decrease in HCP days' supply or doses by 14.0%-80.8%. There was increased prescribing of oxycodone-containing products by 4.5%-13.9% in 5 studies, tramadol by 2.7%-53.0% in 9 studies, codeine-containing products by 0.8%-1352.9% in 8 studies). Five studies reported a decrease in morphine equivalents by at least 10%, whereas 2 studies reported an increase in morphine equivalents. Differences in populations, sample sizes, and approaches did not allow for a meta-analysis. Details regarding approach and findings were limited in published conference abstracts (n = 16). CONCLUSIONS Hydrocodone rescheduling was associated with reductions in prescribing and use of HCPs but was also associated with increased prescribing and use of other opioids, both schedule II and nonschedule II.
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Ngo J, Parker D, Meroney M, Mitchell J, Veloz O, Lee O, Cunningham KA, Wilkes D. Quantification of Opioid Prescription Practice Changes Due to Hydrocodone Combination Product Rescheduling in an Academic Pain Clinic. J Pain Res 2020; 13:2163-2168. [PMID: 32922067 PMCID: PMC7457870 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s251386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effect of rescheduling on prescription practices in a large academic hospital-based multidisciplinary practice comprising anesthesiologist-trained pain physicians. Patients and Methods We examined the number of HCP prescriptions written and quantity of tablets prescribed during a 6-month period prior to rescheduling and compared this with a 6-month period 1 year after rescheduling. We also examined the changes in prescription of tramadol and acetaminophen with codeine from one period to the next. Results Our pain clinic conducted 3,320 office visits during the 6-month period prior to HCP rescheduling and 6,003 office visits in the 6-month period 1 year after rescheduling. The charted data from each of these visits were used for our analysis. The mean number of tablets of HCPs prescribed per patient decreased from 318.48 in the pre-period to 242.27 tablets in the post-period, while the mean number of HCP prescriptions per patient decreased from 2.24 to 1.84. The mean number of acetaminophen with codeine tablets prescribed per patient increased from 3.46 to 15.27 in the pre- and post-period. Similarly, the mean number of tramadol tablets per patient increased from 47.33 to 61.97 in the pre- and post-period. The mean number of acetaminophen with codeine and tramadol prescriptions per patient increased from 0.02 to 0.15 and 0.38 to 0.51 in the pre- and post-period, respectively. In the 6-month post-period, fewer new patients were started on opioids compared to the 6-month pre-period, 16% and 27%, respectively. Conclusion Our study showed a significant decrease in the mean number of HCP prescriptions written per patient, as well as a decrease in the mean number of HCP tablets prescribed. Pain physicians in our clinic increased the number of prescriptions for the non-HCPs. The number of acetaminophen with codeine and tramadol tablets prescribed significantly increased. Therefore, the rescheduling of HCPs has profoundly impacted practices within this academic pain clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ngo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David Parker
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mathew Meroney
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasmine Mitchell
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Oscar Veloz
- Department of Anesthesia, Mcgaw Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oliver Lee
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Denise Wilkes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Melnikov S, Aboav A, Shalom E, Phriedman S, Khalaila K. The effect of attitudes, subjective norms and stigma on health-care providers' intention to recommend medicinal cannabis to patients. Int J Nurs Pract 2020; 27:e12836. [PMID: 32237017 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to explore the effect of health-care providers' attitudes towards the medical use of cannabis, subjective norms and perceived stigma towards medicinal cannabis users on health-care providers' intention to recommend medicinal cannabis for patients with qualifying conditions. METHODS A cross-sectional correlational study included 221 health-care providers (mean age, 42.2 ± 11.2; 74.2% women and 76.5% nurses) who completed a questionnaire examining theory-based variables and stigma towards medicinal cannabis users. RESULTS More positive attitudes towards the medical use of cannabis were associated with lower stigma towards medicinal cannabis users, which, in turn, was associated with a higher intention of recommending medicinal cannabis for patients with qualifying conditions. The relationship between attitudes towards the medical use of cannabis and the intention to recommend medicinal cannabis varies according to subjective norms. CONCLUSIONS Among nurses and physicians, stigma towards medicinal cannabis users mediated the relationship between attitudes towards the medical use of cannabis and the intention to recommend medicinal cannabis for patients with qualifying conditions, whereas subjective norms moderated this relationship. Effective treatment with medicinal cannabis might be compromised by health-care providers' negative attitudes, stigma and subjective norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semyon Melnikov
- Nursing Department, Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Aboav
- Department of Medicine A, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Ester Shalom
- Department of Medicine F, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | | | - Khaled Khalaila
- Department of Medicine F, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
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