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Sheng J, Wang L, Cheng H, Zhang Q, Zhou R, Shi Y. Strategies for multivariate analyses of imaging genetics study in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136147. [PMID: 34332030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting the elderly population. Early diagnosis of AD is critical for the management of this disease. Imaging genetics examines the influence of genetic variants (i.e., single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) on brain structure and function and many novel approaches of imaging genetics are proposed for studying AD. We review and synthesize the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) genetic associations with quantitative disease endophenotypes including structural and functional neuroimaging, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET), and fluid biomarker assays. In this review, we survey recent publications using neuroimaging and genetic data of AD, with a focus on methods capturing multivariate effects accommodating the large number variables from both imaging data and genetic data. We review methods focused on bridging the imaging and genetic data by establishing genotype-phenotype association, including sparse canonical correlation analysis, parallel independent component analysis, sparse reduced rank regression, sparse partial least squares, genome-wide association study, and so on. The broad availability and wide scope of ADNI genetic and phenotypic data has advanced our understanding of the genetic basis of AD and has nominated novel targets for future pharmaceutical therapy and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Sheng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image Analysis for Sensory and Cognitive Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Luyun Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image Analysis for Sensory and Cognitive Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; College of Information Engineering, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Hu Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Rougang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image Analysis for Sensory and Cognitive Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; Mstar Technologies Inc., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yuchen Shi
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Image Analysis for Sensory and Cognitive Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
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2
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Tamminga CA, Clementz BA, Pearlson G, Keshavan M, Gershon ES, Ivleva EI, McDowell J, Meda SA, Keedy S, Calhoun VD, Lizano P, Bishop JR, Hudgens-Haney M, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Asif H, Gibbons R. Biotyping in psychosis: using multiple computational approaches with one data set. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:143-155. [PMID: 32979849 PMCID: PMC7689458 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Focusing on biomarker identification and using biomarkers individually or in clusters to define biological subgroups in psychiatry requires a re-orientation from behavioral phenomenology to quantifying brain features, requiring big data approaches for data integration. Much still needs to be accomplished, not only to refine but also to build support for the application and customization of such an analytical phenotypic approach. In this review, we present some of what Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) has learned so far to guide future applications of multivariate phenotyping and their analyses to understanding psychosis. This paper describes several B-SNIP projects that use phenotype data and big data computations to generate novel outcomes and glimpse what phenotypes contribute to disease understanding and, with aspiration, to treatment. The source of the phenotypes varies from genetic data, structural neuroanatomic localization, immune markers, brain physiology, and cognition. We aim to see guiding principles emerge and areas of commonality revealed. And, we will need to demonstrate not only data stability but also the usefulness of biomarker information for subgroup identification enhancing target identification and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, and BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Macheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Elena I Ivleva
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer McDowell
- Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, and BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Shashwath A Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Huma Asif
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Robert Gibbons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill, USA
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3
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Stan AD, Tamminga CA, Han K, Kim JB, Padmanabhan J, Tandon N, Hudgens-Haney ME, Keshavan MS, Clementz BA, Pearlson GD, Sweeney JA, Gibbons RD. Associating Psychotic Symptoms with Altered Brain Anatomy in Psychotic Disorders Using Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2939-2947. [PMID: 31813988 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced cortical thickness has been demonstrated in psychotic disorders, but its relationship to clinical symptoms has not been established. We aimed to identify the regions throughout neocortex where clinical psychosis manifestations correlate with cortical thickness. Rather than perform a traditional correlation analysis using total scores on psychiatric rating scales, we applied multidimensional item response theory to identify a profile of psychotic symptoms that was related to a region where cortical thickness was reduced. This analysis was performed using a large population of probands with psychotic disorders (N = 865), their family members (N = 678) and healthy volunteers (N = 347), from the 5-site Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes. Regional cortical thickness from structural magnetic resonance scans was measured using FreeSurfer; individual symptoms were rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and Young Mania Rating Scale. A cluster of cortical regions whose thickness was inversely related to severity of psychosis symptoms was identified. The regions turned out to be located contiguously in a large region of heteromodal association cortex including temporal, parietal and frontal lobe regions, suggesting a cluster of contiguous neocortical regions important to psychosis expression. When we tested the relationship between reduced cortical surface area and high psychotic symptoms we found no linked regions describing a related cortical set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana D Stan
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Jong Bae Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neeraj Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Robert D Gibbons
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Cosgrove D, Mothersill DO, Whitton L, Harold D, Kelly S, Holleran L, Holland J, Anney R, Richards A, Mantripragada K, Owen M, O'Donovan MC, Gill M, Corvin A, Morris DW, Donohoe G. Effects of MiR-137 genetic risk score on brain volume and cortical measures in patients with schizophrenia and controls. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:369-376. [PMID: 29418072 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Multiple genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia have implicated genetic variants within the gene encoding microRNA-137. As risk variants within or regulated by MIR137 have been implicated in memory performance, we investigated the additive effects of schizophrenia-associated risk variants in genes empirically regulated by MIR137 on brain regions associated with memory function. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was calculated (at a p = 0.05 threshold), using this empirically regulated MIR137 gene set, to investigate associations between this PRS and structural brain measures. These measures included total brain volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and hippocampal volume, in a sample of 216 individuals consisting of healthy participants (n = 171) and patients with psychosis (n = 45). We did not observe a significant association between MIR137 PRS and these cortical thickness, surface area or hippocampal volume measures linked to memory function; a significant association between increasing PRS and decreasing total brain volume, independent of diagnosis status (R2 = 0.008, Beta = -0.09, p = 0.029), was observed. This did not survive correction for multiple testing. In conclusion, our study yielded only suggestive evidence that risk variants interacting with MIR137 impacts on cortical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Cosgrove
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David O Mothersill
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Laura Whitton
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Denise Harold
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurena Holleran
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jessica Holland
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Anney
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Alex Richards
- MRC Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kiran Mantripragada
- MRC Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Owen
- MRC Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek W Morris
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Lencer R, Mills LJ, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Shafee R, Lee AM, Reilly JL, Sprenger A, McDowell JE, McCarroll SA, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Tamminga CA, Clementz BA, Gershon ES, Sweeney JA, Bishop JR. Genome-wide association studies of smooth pursuit and antisaccade eye movements in psychotic disorders: findings from the B-SNIP study. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1249. [PMID: 29064472 PMCID: PMC5682604 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye movement deviations, particularly deficits of initial sensorimotor processing and sustained pursuit maintenance, and antisaccade inhibition errors, are established intermediate phenotypes for psychotic disorders. We here studied eye movement measures of 849 participants from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) study (schizophrenia N=230, schizoaffective disorder N=155, psychotic bipolar disorder N=206 and healthy controls N=258) as quantitative phenotypes in relation to genetic data, while controlling for genetically derived ancestry measures, age and sex. A mixed-modeling genome-wide association studies approach was used including ~4.4 million genotypes (PsychChip and 1000 Genomes imputation). Across participants, sensorimotor processing at pursuit initiation was significantly associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism in IPO8 (12p11.21, P=8 × 10-11), whereas suggestive associations with sustained pursuit maintenance were identified with SNPs in SH3GL2 (9p22.2, P=3 × 10-8). In participants of predominantly African ancestry, sensorimotor processing was also significantly associated with SNPs in PCDH12 (5q31.3, P=1.6 × 10-10), and suggestive associations were observed with NRSN1 (6p22.3, P=5.4 × 10-8) and LMO7 (13q22.2, P=7.3x10-8), whereas antisaccade error rate was significantly associated with a non-coding region at chromosome 7 (P=6.5 × 10-9). Exploratory pathway analyses revealed associations with nervous system development and function for 40 top genes with sensorimotor processing and pursuit maintenance (P=4.9 × 10-2-9.8 × 10-4). Our findings suggest novel patterns of genetic variation relevant for brain systems subserving eye movement control known to be impaired in psychotic disorders. They include genes involved in nuclear trafficking and gene silencing (IPO8), fast axonal guidance and synaptic specificity (PCDH12), transduction of nerve signals (NRSN1), retinal degeneration (LMO7), synaptic glutamate release (SH3GL2), and broader nervous system development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - L J Mills
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - N Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Shafee
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A M Lee
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - J E McDowell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S A McCarroll
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deacones Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - C A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - B A Clementz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - E S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J R Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota College of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Birur B, Kraguljac NV, Shelton RC, Lahti AC. Brain structure, function, and neurochemistry in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder-a systematic review of the magnetic resonance neuroimaging literature. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:15. [PMID: 28560261 PMCID: PMC5441538 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since Emil Kraepelin's conceptualization of endogenous psychoses as dementia praecox and manic depression, the separation between primary psychotic disorders and primary affective disorders has been much debated. We conducted a systematic review of case-control studies contrasting magnetic resonance imaging studies in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. A literature search in PubMed of studies published between January 2005 and December 2016 was conducted, and 50 structural, 29 functional, 7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and 8 combined imaging and genetic studies were deemed eligible for systematic review. Structural neuroimaging studies suggest white matter integrity deficits that are consistent across the illnesses, while gray matter reductions appear more widespread in schizophrenia compared to bipolar disorder. Spectroscopy studies in cortical gray matter report evidence of decreased neuronal integrity in both disorders. Functional neuroimaging studies typically report similar functional architecture of brain networks in healthy controls and patients across the psychosis spectrum, but find differential extent of alterations in task related activation and resting state connectivity between illnesses. The very limited imaging-genetic literature suggests a relationship between psychosis risk genes and brain structure, and possible gene by diagnosis interaction effects on functional imaging markers. While the existing literature suggests some shared and some distinct neural markers in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, it will be imperative to conduct large, well designed, multi-modal neuroimaging studies in medication-naïve first episode patients that will be followed longitudinally over the course of their illness in an effort to advance our understanding of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badari Birur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Nina Vanessa Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Richard C. Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Adrienne Carol Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Cortical Thinning in Network-Associated Regions in Cognitively Normal and Below-Normal Range Schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2017; 2017:9760905. [PMID: 28348889 PMCID: PMC5350425 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9760905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed whether cortical thickness across the brain and regionally in terms of the default mode, salience, and central executive networks differentiates schizophrenia patients and healthy controls with normal range or below-normal range cognitive performance. Cognitive normality was defined using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) composite score (T = 50 ± 10) and structural magnetic resonance imaging was used to generate cortical thickness data. Whole brain analysis revealed that cognitively normal range controls (n = 39) had greater cortical thickness than both cognitively normal (n = 17) and below-normal range (n = 49) patients. Cognitively normal controls also demonstrated greater thickness than patients in regions associated with the default mode and salience, but not central executive networks. No differences on any thickness measure were found between cognitively normal range and below-normal range controls (n = 24) or between cognitively normal and below-normal range patients. In addition, structural covariance between network regions was high and similar across subgroups. Positive and negative symptom severity did not correlate with thickness values. Cortical thinning across the brain and regionally in relation to the default and salience networks may index shared aspects of the psychotic psychopathology that defines schizophrenia with no relation to cognitive impairment.
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