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Kusztrits I, Larøi F, Laloyaux J, Marquardt L, Sinkeviciute I, Kjelby E, Johnsen E, Sommer IE, Hugdahl K, Hirnstein M. Mapping psychotic-like experiences: Results from an online survey. Scand J Psychol 2020; 62:237-248. [PMID: 33009660 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Suggestions have been made that psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), such as hallucinatory and delusional experiences, exist on a continuum from healthy individuals to patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We used the screening questions of the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences (QPE), an interview that captures the presence and phenomenology of various psychotic experiences separately, to assess PLEs in Norway. Based on data from an online survey in a sample of more than 1,400 participants, we demonstrated that the QPE screening questions show satisfactory psychometric properties. Participants with mental disorders reported more frequent lifetime and current hallucinatory experiences than participants without mental disorders. Childhood experiences were rather low and ranged from 0.7% to 5.2%. We further replicated findings that young age, illegal drug use, lower level of education, and having parents with a mental disorder are associated with higher endorsement rates of PLEs. Finally, a binomial regression revealed that the mere presence of PLEs does not discriminate between individuals with and without a mental disorder. Taken together, the findings of the present study support existing models that both hallucinations and delusions exist on a structural and phenomenological continuum. Moreover, we demonstrated that the QPE screening questions can be used by themselves as a complementary tool to the full QPE interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Kusztrits
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Larøi
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Laloyaux
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lynn Marquardt
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Igne Sinkeviciute
- NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Kjelby
- NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, RijksUniversiteit Groningen (RUG), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marco Hirnstein
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Maijer K, Staring T, Bartels-Velthuis AA, Palmen SJ, Sommer IE. Stronger than your voices: A cognitive behavioral therapy for youth suffering from auditory verbal hallucinations. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 25:386-400. [PMID: 31749371 DOI: 10.1177/1359104519888011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are a common feature in youth and mostly transient. Nevertheless, while present, AVH can cause considerable distress. Children and adolescents seeking help for distressing AVH represent a heterogeneous group in terms of underlying factors, yet they consistently suffer from their AVH. Until now, a youth-specific psychotherapeutic intervention for AVH was lacking. Experts in the field of treating AVH in both adults and youngsters collaborated with service users to develop the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) "Stronger Than Your Voices" (STYV). We investigated feasibility and clinical outcomes of the STYV therapy. METHODS Patients were derived from children and adolescents seeking help for AVH at the UMC Utrecht outpatient clinic with an indication for STYV therapy. Therapists preferably originated from referring health care facilities and were required to have sufficient general knowledge and experience with CBT. They received a short individual training to apply STYV. After, patients and their therapists could participate this naturalistic pilot study, assessing feasibility, tolerability, and clinical change when applying the STYV therapy. RESULTS Six participants (10-16 years old), all suffering from comorbid psychopathology, provided pre and post measures, all completing STYV therapy without experiencing an aggravation of symptoms. AVH total impact decreased 40% with Cohen's d within-group effect size (1.28) also suggesting clinically meaningful change. Therapists were positive about STYV therapy and manual. CONCLUSION The STYV therapy is feasible for youth with distressing AVH. First results indicate that STYV may be clinically effective. A trial to further test effectiveness in a larger sample is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Maijer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,De Bascule, The Netherlands
| | - Tonnie Staring
- Department for Transition Psychiatry and First Episode Psychosis, Altrecht Psychiatric Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- Rob Giel Research Center, University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Jmc Palmen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Ec Sommer
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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Løberg EM, Gjestad R, Posserud MB, Kompus K, Lundervold AJ. Psychosocial characteristics differentiate non-distressing and distressing voices in 10,346 adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1353-1363. [PMID: 30820670 PMCID: PMC6785583 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents hearing non-existent voices may be at risk for psychosis, but the prevalence of voice-hearing (VH) in the general population complicates clinical interpretations. Differentiating between VH with and without distress may aid treatment decisions in psychosis services, but understanding the differences between these two phenomena as they present in the normal adolescent population is necessary to validate this differentiation. The present study compared VH with and without distress in 10,346 adolescents in relation to clinical characteristics, known risk factors, predictors and psychosocial moderators of psychosis. A population-based cohort of Norwegian 16-19 years old adolescents completed a comprehensive web-based questionnaire, including two questions from the extended Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale: (1) I often hear a voice speaking my thoughts aloud and (2) I have been troubled by hearing voices in my head. Adolescents reporting no VH, non-distressing VH or distressing VH were compared on 14 psychosocial and clinical variables. A multinomial regression model showed that non-disturbing voices were predicted by better school grades, social dysfunction, distractibility, affective symptoms and experience of trauma, while the disturbing voices were predicted by the experience of bullying and trauma, perceived negative self-worth and self-efficacy, less family support, dysregulation of activation, distractibility, self-harm and anxiety. Hearing voices without distress versus being distressed by the voices is related to different constellations of psychosocial variables, suggesting that they represent two separate groups of adolescents. The findings validate the emphasis on distress in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else-Marie Løberg
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rolf Gjestad
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maj-Britt Posserud
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre (GNC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristiina Kompus
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre (GNC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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