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Sahakyan L, Wahlheim CN, Kwapil TR. Mnemonic discrimination deficits in multidimensional schizotypy. Hippocampus 2023; 33:1139-1153. [PMID: 37345675 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Current developmental psychopathology models indicate that schizophrenia can be understood as the most extreme expression of a multidimensional continuum of symptoms and impairment referred to as schizotypy. In nondisordered adults, schizotypy predicts risk for developing schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. Schizophrenia is associated with disruptions in detecting subtle differences between objects, which is linked to hippocampal dysfunction. These disruptions have been shown in the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) when patients are less likely to reject lures that are similar but not identical to studied objects, and instead mistake them for studied items. This pattern of errors may be a behavioral manifestation of impaired pattern separation, a key episodic memory ability associated with hippocampal integrity and overreliance on pattern completion. We examined whether multidimensional schizotypy is associated with such deficits in nondisordered young adults. Participants (n = 230) were assessed for positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy and completed the MST and a perceptual discrimination task. MST performance showed that a combination of elevated negative and disorganized schizotypy was associated with decreased rejections of similar lures because they were mistakenly identified as studied items. These deficits were not observed in traditional recognition measures within the same task, nor in perceptual discrimination, suggesting that mnemonic discrimination deficits assessed by MST were selective and did not reflect generalized deficits. These findings extend the results obtained in schizophrenia patients and support a multidimensional model of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sahakyan
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher N Wahlheim
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Koller WN, Cannon TD. Aberrant memory and delusional ideation: A pernicious partnership? Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 99:102231. [PMID: 36469975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delusions can be conceptualized as beliefs that are both at odds with consensus reality and espoused with high conviction. While delusions represent a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia, delusion-like beliefs can be found in the general population. Do similar cognitive mechanisms support delusionality across this spectrum? If so, what are they? Here, we examine evidence for a mechanistic role of the (associative) memory system in the formation and maintenance of delusions and delusion-like beliefs. While general neurocognitive metrics do not tend to associate with delusionality, our scoping review of the clinical and subclinical literature reveals several subdomains of memory function that do. These include a propensity to commit errors of commission (i.e., false alarms and intrusions), source memory biases, and metamemory impairment. We discuss how several of these effects may stem from aberrant associative memory function and offer recommendations for future research. Further, we propose a state/trait interaction model in which underlying traits (i.e., impaired associative and metamemory function) may become coupled with delusionality during states of acute psychosis, when memory function is particularly challenged by aberrant salience attribution and noisy perceptual input. According to this model, delusions may arise as explanations to high-salience (but low-source) mnemonic content that is endorsed with high confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Koller
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, United States of America.
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, United States of America
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3
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Frattaroli N, Geljic M, Runkowska D, Darke H, Reddyhough C, Mills T, Mitchell M, Hill R, Carter O, Sundram S. Cognitive and perceptual impairments in schizophrenia extend to other psychotic disorders but not schizotypy. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 30:100266. [PMID: 35959485 PMCID: PMC9361330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Frattaroli
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University. Level 3 P-Block, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Mia Geljic
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University. Level 3 P-Block, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Dominika Runkowska
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University. Level 3 P-Block, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Hayley Darke
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University. Level 3 P-Block, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Caitlin Reddyhough
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Redmond Barry Building, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Taylor Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University. Level 3 P-Block, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Redmond Barry Building, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew Mitchell
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Redmond Barry Building, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University. Level 3 P-Block, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Olivia Carter
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Redmond Barry Building, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University. Level 3 P-Block, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Level 3 P-Block, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Level 3 P-Block, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Raucher-Chéné D, Lavigne KM, Lepage M. Episodic Memory and Schizophrenia: From Characterization of Relational Memory Impairments to Neuroimaging Biomarkers. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:115-136. [PMID: 35902545 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory research in schizophrenia has a long history already which has clearly established significant impairments and strong associations with brain measures and functional outcome. The purpose of this chapter is not to make an exhaustive review of the recent literature but to highlight some relatively recent developments in the cognitive neuroscience field of episodic memory and schizophrenia. Hence, we present a contemporary view focusing specifically of relational memory which represents a form of episodic memory that refers to associations or binding among items or elements presented together. We describe the major tasks used and illustrate how their combination with brain imaging has: (1) favored the use of experimental memory tasks to isolate specific processes with specific neural correlates, (2) led to a distributed view of the neural correlates of memory impairments in schizophrenia where multiple regions are contributing, and (3) made possible the identification of fMRI biomarkers specific to episodic memory. We then briefly propose what we see as the next steps for memory research in schizophrenia so that the impact of this work can be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Raucher-Chéné
- Cognition, Health, and Society Laboratory (EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Academic Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Reims, EPSM Marne, Reims, France
| | - Katie M Lavigne
- Douglas Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Douglas Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Dong F, Calkins ME, Compton P, Medoff-Cooper B, Barzilay R, Taylor JH, Moore TM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Hodgson NA. Association between traumatic stressful events and schizotypal symptoms among a community-based sample of adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 2021; 233:44-51. [PMID: 34225026 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic stressful events (TSEs) are among the most studied risk factors for subsequent schizotypal symptoms. However, specificity and aggregate effects of trauma exposure on schizotypal symptoms remain unclear. This study investigates these relationships among a community-based sample of US adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS A sub-sample of 426 adolescents (51.6% female) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort study were selected for longitudinal follow-up based on presence (n = 209) or absence (n = 217) of psychosis spectrum symptoms (PSS). At baseline, they completed assessments of demographic, TSEs, other psychopathology (e.g., PSS, anxiety, depression, and behavioral disorder) and family history of psychopathology. Schizotypal symptom dimensions (cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal and disorganized) were evaluated approximately two years later. RESULTS More than half of adolescents experienced at least one type of TSE. Adolescents with assaultive trauma reported about 1.5 times as many symptoms on all three schizotypal symptom dimensions, compared to adolescents with non-assaultive TSE, adjusting for demographic and family history variables. No statistical significance was found after further adjusting for other baseline psychopathology (p > 0.05). There was a significant aggregate effect of TSEs on cognitive-perceptual symptoms with small effect size (p < 0.001, Cohen's f2 = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of an association between aggregate TSEs and cognitive-perceptual symptoms, but trauma type was not associated with schizotypal symptom dimensions when controlling for potential confounders. Our findings highlight the importance of considering aggregate TSE effects and potential confounds when examining associations between TSEs and schizotypy. Trauma and psychosis spectrum screening may be important in the effort to provide trauma-informed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghong Dong
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peggy Compton
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jerome H Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy A Hodgson
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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6
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Kuhlmann BG, Symeonidou N, Tanyas H, Wulff L. Remembering and reconstructing episodic context: An overview of source monitoring methods and behavioral findings. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Kemp KC, Bathery AJ, Barrantes-Vidal N, Kwapil TR. A brief questionnaire measure of multidimensional schizotypy predicts interview-rated symptoms and impairment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237614. [PMID: 32776979 PMCID: PMC7416934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study employed structured diagnostic interviews to assess the construct validity of the brief version of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS-B), which was developed to assess positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions of schizotypy. It was hypothesized that the MSS-B subscales would be associated with differential patterns of symptoms and impairment, comparable to findings for the full-length MSS. A total of 177 young adults completed structured diagnostic interviews assessing symptoms and impairment. As hypothesized, MSS-B positive schizotypy was significantly associated with interview ratings of positive (psychotic-like) symptoms, as well as schizotypal and paranoid personality disorder traits. MSS-B negative schizotypy was associated with interview ratings of negative symptoms, as well as schizoid, paranoid, and schizotypal traits. Furthermore, negative schizotypy predicted Cluster A personality disorder diagnoses. MSS-B disorganized schizotypy was associated with interview ratings of disorganized symptoms. All three schizotypy dimensions were associated with impaired functioning. This was the first study to evaluate the validity of the MSS-B using interview measures, and the pattern of findings for each MSS-B subscale was closely comparable to the findings for the full-length MSS. Contrary to our hypothesis, cannabis use was largely unassociated with psychotic-like symptoms and did not moderate the expression of the schizotypy dimensions. The MSS-B has good psychometric properties, high concordance with the full-length MSS, and good construct validity. Thus, it appears to be a promising brief alternative to traditional schizotypy measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Kemp
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States of America
| | - Alyssa J. Bathery
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States of America
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pere Claver–Fundació Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas R. Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Sahakyan L, Meller T, Evermann U, Schmitt S, Pfarr JK, Sommer J, Kwapil TR, Nenadić I. Anterior vs Posterior Hippocampal Subfields in an Extended Psychosis Phenotype of Multidimensional Schizotypy in a Nonclinical Sample. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:207-218. [PMID: 32691055 PMCID: PMC8208318 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have implicated involvement of the hippocampus in the etiology and expression of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, and reduced hippocampal volume is one of the most robust brain abnormalities reported in schizophrenia. Recent studies indicate that early stages of schizophrenia are specifically characterized by reductions in anterior hippocampal volume; however, studies have not examined hippocampal volume reductions in subclinical schizotypy. The present study was the first to examine the associations of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy dimensions with hippocampal subfield volumes in a large sample (n = 195) of nonclinically ascertained young adults, phenotyped using the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS). Hippocampal subfields were analyzed from high-resolution 3 Tesla structural magnetic resonance imaging scans testing anatomical models, including anterior vs posterior regions and the cornu ammonis (CA), dentate gyrus (DG), and subiculum subfields separately for the left and right hemispheres. We demonstrate differential spatial effects across anterior vs posterior hippocampus segments across different dimensions of the schizotypy risk phenotype. The interaction of negative and disorganized schizotypy robustly predicted left hemisphere volumetric reductions for the anterior and total hippocampus, and anterior CA and DG, and the largest reductions were seen in participants high in negative and disorganized schizotypy. These findings extend previous early psychosis studies and together with behavioral studies of hippocampal-related memory impairments provide the basis for a dimensional neurobiological hippocampal model of schizophrenia risk. Subtle hippocampal subfield volume reductions may be prevalent prior to the onset of detectable prodromal clinical symptoms of psychosis and play a role in the etiology and development of such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sahakyan
- Department of Psychology and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and
Technology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL
| | - Tina Meller
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,
Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrika Evermann
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,
Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmitt
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,
Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia-Katharina Pfarr
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,
Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Sommer
- Core Facility BrainImaging, School of Medicine, Philipps-University
Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and
Technology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,
Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Marburg, Germany,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35039 Marburg,
Germany; tel: +49-6421-58-65002, fax: +49-6421-58-68939, e-mail:
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