Rupture process models of the Yangbi and Maduo earthquakes that struck the eastern Tibetan Plateau in May 2021

The Crustal Dynamics and Its Geological Explanation of the Three-Dimensional Co-Seismic Deformation Field for the 2021 Maduo MS7.4 Earthquake Based on GNSS and InSAR

Three-dimensional deformation is an important input to explore seismic mechanisms and geodynamics. The GNSS and InSAR technologies are commonly used to obtain the co-seismic three-dimensional deformation field. This paper focused on the effect of calculation accuracy caused by the deformation correlation between the reference point and the points involved in the solution, to build a high-accuracy three-dimensional deformation field for a detailed geological explanation. Based on the variance component estimation (VCE) method, the InSAR LOS, azimuthal deformation, and the GNSS horizontal and vertical deformation were integrated to solve the three-dimensional displacement of the study area in combination with the elasticity theory. The accuracy of the three-dimensional co-seismic deformation field of the 2021 Maduo M_S7.4 earthquake obtained by the method proposed in this paper, was compared with that obtained from the only InSAR measurements obtained using a multi-satellite and multi-technology approach. The results showed the difference in root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of the integration and GNSS displacement was 0.98 cm, 5.64 cm, and 1.37 cm in the east-west, north-south and vertical direction respectively, which was better than the RMSE of the method using only InSAR and GNSS displacement, which was 5.2 cm and 12.2 cm in the east-west, north-south, and no vertical direction. With the geological field survey and aftershocks relocation, the results showed good agreement with the strike and the position of the surface rupture. The maximum slip displacement was about 4 m, which was consistent with the result of the empirical statistical formula. It was firstly found that the pre-existing fault controlled the vertical deformation on the south side of the west end of the main surface rupture caused by the Maduo M_S7.4 earthquake, which provided the direct evidence for the theoretical hypothesis that large earthquakes could not only produce surface rupture on seismogenic faults, but also trigger pre-existing faults or new faults to produce surface rupture or weak deformation in areas far from seismogenic faults. An adaptive method was proposed in GNSS and InSAR integration, which could take into account the correlation distance and the efficiency of homogeneous point selection. Meanwhile, deformation information of the decoherent region could be recovered without interpolation of the GNSS displacement. This series of findings formed an essential supplement to the field surface rupture survey and provided a novel idea for the combination of the various spatial measurement technologies to improve the seismic deformation monitoring.