Size segregated mass concentration and size distribution of near surface aerosols over a tropical Indian semi-arid station, Anantapur: Impact of long range transport

Particle size dynamics and risk implication of atmospheric aerosols in South-Asian subcontinent

Presented here are size-resolved aerosol measurements conducted using cascade impactor set at breathing zone in indoor-outdoor residential microenvironments. PM_2.5 contributed about 64-80% of PM₁₀ in which over 29% of mass was shared by PM_0.25. Total PM concentration varied from 261 ± 22 μg/m³ (indoors) to 256 ± 64 μg/m³ (outdoors) annually; whilst summer and monsoon demonstrated 1.2- and 1.9- times lower concentration than winters. The measured metals ranged between 9% (in PM_2.5-10) to 18% (in PM_1-2.5) of aerosol concentration; whereby crustal elements dominated coarse fractions with relatively higher proportion of toxic elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni) in ultrafine range. Considering lognormal particle size distribution (PSD), accumulation mode represented the main surface area during entire monitoring period (Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) < 1). PSD of metal species reflected their different emission sources with respect to season integrated samples. High air exchange conditions permitted the shift of indoor PSD pattern closer to that of outdoor air while low ventilation in winters reflected modal shift of metals (Pb, Mg. K) towards larger size particles. Relative surge towards smaller diameter size of soluble metal fraction relative to the total concentration of toxic elements was noted on an annual basis with high infiltration capacity of smaller size particulates (Finf =1.36 for ultrafine particles in summers) identified through indoor-outdoor regression analysis. Principal Component Analysis identified sources such as vehicular traffic, combustion, crustal emission with activities viz. smoking and those involving use of electric appliances.

Columnar aerosol characteristics and radiative forcing over the Doon Valley in the Shivalik range of northwestern Himalayas

Spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements obtained from multi-wavelength radiometer under cloudless conditions over Doon Valley, in the foothills of the western Himalayas, are analysed during the period January 2007 to December 2012. High AOD values of 0.46 ± 0.08 and 0.52 ± 0.1 at 500 nm, along with low values of Ångström exponent (0.49 ± 0.01 and 0.44 ± 0.03) during spring (March-May) and summer (June-August), respectively, suggest a flat AOD spectrum indicative of coarse-mode aerosol abundance compared with winter (December-February) and autumn (September-November), which are mostly dominated by fine aerosols from urban/industrial emissions and biomass burning. The columnar size distributions (CSD) retrieved from the King's inversion of spectral AOD exhibit bimodal size patterns during spring and autumn, while combinations of the power-law and unimodal distributions better simulate the retrieved CSDs during winter and summer. High values of extinction coefficient near the surface (∼0.8-1.0 km^-1 at 532 nm) and a steep decreasing gradient above are observed via CALIPSO profiles in autumn and winter, while spring and summer exhibit elevated aerosol layers between ∼1.5 and 3.5 km due to the presence of dust. The particle depolarisation ratio shows a slight increasing trend with altitude, with higher values in spring and summer indicative of non-spherical particles of dust origin. The aerosol-climate implications are evaluated via the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF), which is estimated via the synergy of OPAC and SBDART models. On the monthly basis, the ARF values range from ∼ -30 to -90 W m^-2 at the surface, while aerosols cause an overall cooling effect at the top of atmosphere (approx. -5 to -15 W m^-2). The atmospheric heating via aerosol absorption results in heating rates of 1.2-1.6 K day^-1 during March-June, which may contribute to changes in monsoon circulation over northern India and the Himalayas.