1
|
Mayer MM, Basta NT, Scheckel KG. Using phosphate amendments to reduce bioaccessible Pb in contaminated soils: A meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN SOIL SCIENCE 2022; 2:1-14. [PMID: 36733849 PMCID: PMC9890325 DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.1028328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the reduction of in vitro bioaccessible (IVBA) Pb from the addition of phosphate amendments has been researched for more than 20 years. A range of effects have been observed from increases in IVBA Pb to almost 100% reduction. This study determined the mean change in IVBA Pb as a fraction of total Pb (AC) and relative to the IVBA Pb of the control soil (RC) with a random effects meta-analysis. Forty-four studies that investigated the ability of inorganic phosphate amendments to reduce IVBA Pb were identified through 5 databases. These studies were split into 3 groups: primary, secondary, and EPA Method 1340 based on selection criteria, with the primary group being utilized for subgroup analysis and meta-regression. The mean AC was approximately -12% and mean RC was approximately -25% for the primary and secondary groups. For the EPA Method 1340 group, the mean AC was -5% and mean RC was -8%. The results of subgroup analysis identified the phosphorous amendment applied and contamination source as having a significant effect on the AC and RC. Soluble amendments reduce bioaccessible Pb more than insoluble amendments and phosphoric acid is more effective than other phosphate amendments. Urban Pb contamination associated with legacy Pb-paint and tetraethyl Pb from gasoline showed lower reductions than other sources such as shooting ranges and smelting operations. Meta-regression identified high IVBA Pb in the control, low incubated soil pH, and high total Pb with the greater reductions in AC and RC. In order to facilitate comparisons across future remediation research, a set of minimum reported data should be included in published studies and researchers should use standardized in vitro bioaccessibility methods developed for P-treated soils. Additionally, a shared data repository should be created for soil remediation research to enhance available soil property information and better identify unique materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred M. Mayer
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas T. Basta
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kirk G. Scheckel
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Land Remediation and Technology Division, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao S, Wang P, Ge F, Li F, Deng S, Zhang D, Tian J. Enhanced Lead (Pb) immobilization in red soil by phosphate solubilizing fungi associated with tricalcium phosphate influencing microbial community composition and Pb translocation in Lactuca sativa L. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127720. [PMID: 34810010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (P) minerals and phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF) play essential roles in lead (Pb) immobilization, but their roles in driving Pb bioavailability and ecological risks in red soil remains poorly understood. In this study, the inoculation of P. oxalicum and TCP successfully enhanced available P (AP) and urease concentrations in artificially Pb contaminated red soil. Combined P. oxalicum and TCP inoculation significantly reduced Pb bioavailability, bioaccessibility, leachability and mobility by increasing soil AP concentration and forming stable Pb-P compounds during the 21-day experiment. Soil AP and Pb bioavailability play an important role in shifting soil microbial communities induced by co-occurrence of P. oxalicum and TCP. Combined P. oxalicum and TCP could notably promote the relative abundances of predominant soil genus to enhance microbial resistance to soil Pb. Likewise, coexistence of P. oxalicum and TCP showed the highest biomass and better branch root development of Pb-stressed in lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) in pot experiment, and significantly reduced up to 88.1% of Pb translocation from soil to root over control. The reductions of Pb translocation and accumulation in root in P. oxalicum + TCP treatment could enhance the oxidase activities and alleviate the oxidative damages of H2O2 and O2.- in shoot tissues. Our study provided strong evidence to use PSF associated with P materials for the stable and eco-friendly soil Pb remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofen Hao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Peiying Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Songqiang Deng
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou, China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Tian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li N, Tang X, Yang J, Sun Z. Restoration and risk reduction of lead mining waste by phosphate-enriched biosolid amendments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8965. [PMID: 33903721 PMCID: PMC8076249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) contamination in environment has been identified as a threat to human health and ecosystems. In an effort to reduce the health and ecological risks associated with Pb mining wastes, a field study was conducted to stabilize Pb using phosphate (P)-enriched biosolid amendments in the contaminated mining wastes (average of 1004 mg Pb kg−1) located within the Jasper County Superfund Site, southwest Missouri. Experiments consisted of six biosolid amendment treatments, including Mizzou Doo compost (MD); Spent mushroom compost (SMC); Turkey litter compost (TLC); Composted chicken litter (CCL); Composted sewage sludge (CSS); and Triple superphosphate (TSP). Kentucky tall fescue seeds were planted following the treatments, and soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed 8–10 years post treatment. Results indicated that, in all cases, the biosolid treatments resulted in significant reductions in bioaccessible Pb (96.5 to 97.5%), leachable Pb (95.0 to 97.1%) and plant tissue Pb (45.5 to 90.1%) in the treated wastes, as compared with the control. The treatments had no significantly toxicological effect to soil microbial community. Analysis of the Pb fractionation revealed that the Pb risk reduction was accomplished by transforming labile Pb fractions to relatively stable species through the chemical stabilization reactions as induced by the treatments. The solid-phase microprobe analysis confirmed the formation of pyromorphite or pyromorphite-like minerals after the treatment. Among the six biosolid amendments examined, SMC and MD treatments were shown most effective in the context of Pb stabilization and risk reduction. This field study demonstrated that the treatment effectiveness of Pb stabilization and risk reduction in mining wastes by P-enriched biosolid amendments was long-term and environmental-sound, which could be potentially applied as a cost-effective remedial technology to restore contaminated mining site and safeguard human health and ecosystems from Pb contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Liaoning Dry Land Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute, Chaoyang, 122000, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science and Cooperative Research, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO, 65101, USA
| | - John Yang
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science and Cooperative Research, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO, 65101, USA.
| | - Zhanxiang Sun
- Liaoning Academy of Agriculture Science, Shenyang, 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Benefits of Ryegrass on Multicontaminated Soils Part 1: Effects of Fertilizers on Bioavailability and Accumulation of Metals. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11185093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of three phosphorus fertilizers on the shoot biomass and on the accumulation of alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals in the shoots and roots of ryegrass were studied with two contaminated garden soils. Phosphates were added in sustainable quantities in order to reduce the environmental availability of carcinogenic metals (e.g., Cd and Pb) and to enhance the bioavailability of alkali and alkaline earth metals as well as micronutrients needed by plants. Addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 was the most convenient way to (i) limit the concentration of Cd and Pb, (ii) keep constant the transfer of macro- and micronutrient from the soil to the ryegrass shoots, (iii) decrease the availability of metals, and (iv) increase the ratio values between potential Lewis acids and Cd or Pb in order to produce biosourced catalysis. For instance, the real phytoavailability was reduced by 27%–57% and 64.2%–94.8% for Cd and Pb, respectively. Interestingly, the real phytoavailability of Zn was the highest in the least contaminated soils. Even if soils were highly contaminated, no visual toxicity symptoms were recorded in the growing ryegrasses. This indicates that ryegrass is suitable for the revegetation of contaminated gardens. To promote the sustainable ryegrass production on contaminated soils for production of new organic fragrance and drugs in green processes according to REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation, two processes should be recommended: assisted phytostabilization of the elements, and then assisted phytoextraction by using chelators.
Collapse
|
5
|
Saavedra-Mella F, Liu Y, Southam G, Huang L. Phosphate treatment alleviated acute phytotoxicity of heavy metals in sulfidic Pb-Zn mine tailings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:676-685. [PMID: 31035150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytostabilization of sulfidic PbZn tailing landscapes may be one of interim options of tailings management, but which is limited by acute phytotoxicity of heavy metals in the tailings. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of soluble phosphate (i.e., K2HPO4) in immobilizing soluble Pb, Cd and Zn and lowering their acute phytotoxicity. The addition of soluble phosphate improved the growth of native plants Acacia chisholmii and survival rate of A. ligulata, where the latter exhibited 100% survival rate. This was in contrast to effects of conventional organic amendment in the tailings on metal solubility (e.g., elevated metal levels in porewater) and plant survival (e.g., only 42%). Organic amendment with mulch did not lower the levels of water-soluble Cd, Pb and Zn and their concentrations in plant tissues after 56 days of plant growth in the treatment. In contrast, the tailings amended with K2HPO4 significantly decreased metal concentrations in the porewater and plant tissues by about 80-92% and 56-88%, respectively. The metal immobilization by phosphate was due to the formation of insoluble or sparingly soluble metal (Pb, Cd and Zn)-phosphate minerals in the tailings with circumneutral pH conditions, as revealed by using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microanalyses. The reduced metal concentrations in roots and shoots of Acacia species after direct root contact with the K2HPO4 amended tailings suggested that metals (i.e., Pb, Cd and Zn) were effectively immobilized by the phosphate treatment of the tailings. These findings indicate that addition of high dosage of soluble phosphate may provide a low cost option to treat sulfidic PbZn tailings for rapid phytostabilization of the tailings surface, as an interim option to manage environmental risks of sulfidic PbZn tailings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Saavedra-Mella
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Yunjia Liu
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Gordon Southam
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Longbin Huang
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seshadri B, Bolan NS, Choppala G, Kunhikrishnan A, Sanderson P, Wang H, Currie LD, Tsang DCW, Ok YS, Kim G. Potential value of phosphate compounds in enhancing immobilization and reducing bioavailability of mixed heavy metal contaminants in shooting range soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:197-206. [PMID: 28595145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Shooting range soils contain mixed heavy metal contaminants including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn). Phosphate (P) compounds have been used to immobilize these metals, particularly Pb, thereby reducing their bioavailability. However, research on immobilization of Pb's co-contaminants showed the relative importance of soluble and insoluble P compounds, which is critical in evaluating the overall success of in situ stabilization practice in the sustainable remediation of mixed heavy metal contaminated soils. Soluble synthetic P fertilizer (diammonium phosphate; DAP) and reactive (Sechura; SPR) and unreactive (Christmas Island; CPR) natural phosphate rocks (PR) were tested for Cd, Pb and Zn immobilization and later their mobility and bioavailability in a shooting range soil. The addition of P compounds resulted in the immobilization of Cd, Pb and Zn by 1.56-76.2%, 3.21-83.56%, and 2.31-74.6%, respectively. The reactive SPR significantly reduced Cd, Pb and Zn leaching while soluble DAP increased their leachate concentrations. The SPR reduced the bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and Zn in earthworms by 7.13-23.4% and 14.3-54.6% in comparison with earthworms in the DAP and control treatment, respectively. Bioaccessible Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations as determined using a simplified bioaccessibility extraction test showed higher long-term stability of P-immobilized Pb and Zn than Cd. The differential effect of P-induced immobilization between P compounds and metals is due to the variation in the solubility characteristics of P compounds and nature of metal phosphate compounds formed. Therefore, Pb and Zn immobilization by P compounds is an effective long-term remediation strategy for mixed heavy metal contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Seshadri
- Global Institute for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), P.O. Box 486, Salisbury, SA 5106, Australia
| | - N S Bolan
- Global Institute for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), P.O. Box 486, Salisbury, SA 5106, Australia.
| | - G Choppala
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Kunhikrishnan
- Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - P Sanderson
- Global Institute for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), P.O. Box 486, Salisbury, SA 5106, Australia
| | - H Wang
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - L D Currie
- Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y S Ok
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - G Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hannam University, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anawar HM. Sustainable rehabilitation of mining waste and acid mine drainage using geochemistry, mine type, mineralogy, texture, ore extraction and climate knowledge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 158:111-121. [PMID: 25979297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative dissolution of sulfidic minerals releases the extremely acidic leachate, sulfate and potentially toxic elements e.g., As, Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Th, U, Zn, etc. from different mine tailings and waste dumps. For the sustainable rehabilitation and disposal of mining waste, the sources and mechanisms of contaminant generation, fate and transport of contaminants should be clearly understood. Therefore, this study has provided a critical review on (1) recent insights in mechanisms of oxidation of sulfidic minerals, (2) environmental contamination by mining waste, and (3) remediation and rehabilitation techniques, and (4) then developed the GEMTEC conceptual model/guide [(bio)-geochemistry-mine type-mineralogy- geological texture-ore extraction process-climatic knowledge)] to provide the new scientific approach and knowledge for remediation of mining wastes and acid mine drainage. This study has suggested the pre-mining geological, geochemical, mineralogical and microtextural characterization of different mineral deposits, and post-mining studies of ore extraction processes, physical, geochemical, mineralogical and microbial reactions, natural attenuation and effect of climate change for sustainable rehabilitation of mining waste. All components of this model should be considered for effective and integrated management of mining waste and acid mine drainage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossain Md Anawar
- School of Earth and Environment (M087), The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su X, Zhu J, Fu Q, Zuo J, Liu Y, Hu H. Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 28:64-73. [PMID: 25662240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH2PO4, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl2, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP+OA, and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jichao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rezaeimahmoudi M, Esmaeli A, Gharegozlu A, Shabanian H, Rokni L. Application of geographical information system in disposal site selection for hazardous wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:141. [PMID: 25489484 PMCID: PMC4256893 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to provide a scientific method based on Geographical Information System (GIS) regarding all sustainable development measures to locate a proper landfill for disposal of hazardous wastes, especially industrial (radioactive) wastes. METHODS Seven effective factors for determining hazardous waste landfill were applied in Qom Province, central Iran. These criteria included water, slope, population centers, roads, fault, protected areas and geology. The Analysis Hierarchical Process (AHP) model based on pair comparison was used. First, the weight of each factor was determined by experts; afterwards each layer of maps entered to ARC GIS and with special weight multiplied together, finally the best suitable site was introduced. RESULTS The most suitable sites for burial were in northwest and west of Qom Province and eventually five zones were introduced as the sample sites. CONCLUSION GIs and AHP model is introduced as the technical, useful and accelerator tool for disposal site selection. Furthermore it is determined that geological factor is the most effective layer for site selection. It is suggested that geological conditions should be considered primarily then other factors are taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rezaeimahmoudi
- />Department of GIS & RS, School of
Environment and Energy
, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeli
- />Plasma and Nuclear Fusion Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Gharegozlu
- />Department of GIS & RS, School of
Environment and Energy
, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Shabanian
- />Department of GIS & RS, School of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Rokni
- />Department of Tourism Planning, School of Human Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|