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Wilhelm K, Woor S, Jackson M, Albini D, Young N, Karamched P, Policarpo Wright MC, Grau-Bove J, Orr SA, Longman J, de Kock T. Microplastic pollution on historic facades: Hidden 'sink' or urban threat? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123128. [PMID: 38097158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing concerns surrounding the health and environmental risks of microplastics (MPs), the research focus has primarily been on their prevalence in air and the oceans, consequently neglecting their presence on urban facades, which are integral to our everyday environments. Therefore, there is a crucial knowledge gap in comprehending urban MP pollution. Our pioneering interdisciplinary study not only quantifies but also identifies MPs on historic facades, revealing their pervasive presence in a medium-sized urban area in the UK. In this case study, we estimated a mean density of 975,000 fibres/m^2 (0.10 fibres/mm^2) for fibre lengths between 30 and 1000 μm with a ratio of 1:5 for natural to artificial fibres. Our research identifies three groups of fibre length frequencies across varied exposure scenarios on the investigated urban facade. Sheltered areas (4m height) show a high prevalence of 60-120 μm and 180-240 μm fibres. In contrast, less sheltered areas at 3m exhibit lower fibre frequencies but similar lengths. Notably, the lowest area (2-1.5m) features longer fibres (300-1000 μm), while adjacent area S, near a faulty gutter, shows no fibres, highlighting the impact of exposure, altitude, and environmental variables on fibre distribution on urban facades. Our findings pave one of many necessary paths forward to determine the long-term fate of these fibres and provoke a pertinent question: do historic facades serve as an urban 'sink' that mitigates potentially adverse health impacts or amplifies the effects of mobile microplastics? Addressing MP pollution in urban areas is crucial for public health and sustainable cities. More research is required to understand the multi-scale factors behind MP pollution in large cities and to find mitigation strategies, paving the way for effective interventions and policies against this growing threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Wilhelm
- Oxford Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Laboratory (OxRBL), School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK.
| | - Sam Woor
- Department of Geoscience, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 Kings Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia, V2S 7M8, Canada; Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2020-2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Michelle Jackson
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ, England, UK.
| | - Dania Albini
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ, England, UK.
| | - Neil Young
- David Cockayne Centre for Electron Microscopy, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
| | - Phani Karamched
- David Cockayne Centre for Electron Microscopy, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
| | | | - Josep Grau-Bove
- UCL Institute for Sustainable Heritage, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Pl, WC1H 0NN, London, UK.
| | - Scott Allan Orr
- UCL Institute for Sustainable Heritage, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Pl, WC1H 0NN, London, UK.
| | - Jack Longman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Tim de Kock
- Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES), Faculty of Design, University of Antwerp, Mutsaardstraat 31, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Liu J, Wu F, Xiang T, Ma W, He D, Zhang Q, Wang W, Duan Y, Tian T, Feng H. Differences of airborne and mural microorganisms in a 1,500-year-old Xu Xianxiu's Tomb, Taiyuan, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1253461. [PMID: 37954248 PMCID: PMC10635417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1253461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial colonization represents one of the main threats to the conservation of subterranean cultural heritage sites. Recently, the microbial colonization on murals in tombs has gradually attracted attention. Methods In this study, a total of 33 samples, including 27 aerosol samples and 6 mural painting samples, were collected from different sites of Xu Xianxiu's Tomb and analyzed using culture-dependent methods. We compared the diversities of culturable bacteria and fungi isolated from the air and murals and explored the potential impacts of microorganisms on the biodeterioration of the murals. Results Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the culturable bacteria belonged to Bacillus, Microbacterium, Lysobacter and Arthrobacter. And the most of fungal belonged to the Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus genera. The composition and structure of airborne bacteria and fungi outside the tomb were both significantly different from that inside the tomb. The variation trends of airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations at different sampling sites were remarkably similar. Bacillus frigoritolerans, Bacillus halotolerans, Bacillus safensis, Exiguobacterium mexicanum, Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum, and Micrococcus yunnanensis were bacterial species commonly isolated from both the mural and air environments. Fungal species commonly isolated from aerosol samples and mural painting samples were Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, and Peyronellaea glomerata. The prediction of the ecological functions of the bacteria revealed that chemoheterotrophy or aerobic_chemoheterotrophy accounted for substantial relative proportions in all sample types. Conclusion These results suggest that the aerosol circulation between the inside and outside environments of the tomb was weak and that the outside environment had yet to have an impact on the air microbial community inside the tomb. Selective colonization of microorganisms, which is mediated by interaction between microorganisms and special microenvironmental factors, is an important reason for the biodeterioration of murals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyun Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fasi Wu
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, China
- Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang, Gansu, China
| | - Ting Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Centre for Grassland Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenxia Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Centre for Grassland Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dongpeng He
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, China
- Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang, Gansu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Centre for Grassland Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wanfu Wang
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, China
- Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang, Gansu, China
| | - Yulong Duan
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tian Tian
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huyuan Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Centre for Grassland Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Wilhelm K, Longman J, Standish CD, De Kock T. The Historic Built Environment As a Long-Term Geochemical Archive: Telling the Time on the Urban "Pollution Clock". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12362-12375. [PMID: 37436401 PMCID: PMC10448721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel methodology for utilizing historic built environments as reliable long-term geochemical archives, addressing a gap in the reconstruction of past anthropogenic pollution levels in urban settings. For the first time, we employ high-resolution laser ablation mass spectrometry for lead isotope (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb) analysis on 350-year-old black crust stratigraphies found on historic built structures, providing insights into past air pollution signatures. Our findings reveal a gradual shift in the crust stratigraphy toward lower 206Pb/207Pb and higher 208Pb/206Pb isotope ratios from the older to the younger layers, indicating changes in lead sources over time. Mass balance analysis of the isotope data shows black crust layers formed since 1669 primarily contain over 90% Pb from coal burning, while other lead sources from a set of modern pollution including but not limited to leaded gasoline (introduced after 1920) become dominant (up to 60%) from 1875 onward. In contrast to global archives such as ice cores that provide integrated signals of long-distance pollution, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of localized pollution levels, specifically in urban settings. Our approach complements multiple sources of evidence, enhancing our understanding of air pollution dynamics and trends, and the impact of human activities on urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Wilhelm
- Oxford
Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Laboratory (OxRBL), School of Geography
and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, U.K.
| | - Jack Longman
- Marine
Isotope Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine
Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Department
of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, United
Kingdom
| | - Christopher D. Standish
- School
of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University
of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, U.K.
| | - Tim De Kock
- Antwerp
Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES), Faculty of Design, University of Antwerp Blindestraat 9, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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Shcherban’ EM, Beskopylny AN, Stel’makh SA, Mailyan LR, Meskhi B, Shilov AA, Pimenova E, El’shaeva D. Combined Effect of Ceramic Waste Powder Additives and PVA on the Structure and Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Used for Finishing Facades of Buildings. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3259. [PMID: 37110093 PMCID: PMC10142298 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is great interest in geopolymer composites as an alternative and environmentally friendly basis for compositions for restoring the facades of historical and modern buildings. Although the use of these compounds is much smaller than conventional concrete, replacing their main components with ecological geopolymer counterparts still has the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint and reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emitted into the atmosphere. The study aimed to obtain geopolymer concrete with improved physical, mechanical, and adhesive characteristics, designed to restore the finishing of building facades. Regulatory methods, chemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were applied. The most optimal dosages of additives of ceramic waste powder (PCW) and polyvinyl acetate (PVA) have been established, at which geopolymer concretes have the best characteristics: 20% PCW introduced into the geopolymer instead of a part of metakaolin, and 6% PVA. The combined use of PCW and PVA additives in optimal dosages provides the maximum increase in strength and physical characteristics. Compressive strength increased by up to 18%, bending strength increased by up to 17%, water absorption of geopolymer concretes decreased by up to 54%, and adhesion increased by up to 9%. The adhesion of the modified geopolymer composite is slightly better with a concrete base than with a ceramic one (up to 5%). Geopolymer concretes modified with PCW and PVA additives have a denser structure with fewer pores and microcracks. The developed compositions are applicable for the restoration of facades of buildings and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii M. Shcherban’
- Department of Engineering Geology, Bases, and Foundations, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Alexey N. Beskopylny
- Department of Transport Systems, Faculty of Roads and Transport Systems, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Stel’makh
- Department of Unique Buildings and Constructions Engineering, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Sq. 1, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.A.S.); (L.R.M.); (A.A.S.); (D.E.)
| | - Levon R. Mailyan
- Department of Unique Buildings and Constructions Engineering, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Sq. 1, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.A.S.); (L.R.M.); (A.A.S.); (D.E.)
| | - Besarion Meskhi
- Department of Life Safety and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Life Safety and Environmental Engineering, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Alexandr A. Shilov
- Department of Unique Buildings and Constructions Engineering, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Sq. 1, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.A.S.); (L.R.M.); (A.A.S.); (D.E.)
| | - Elena Pimenova
- Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Design and Arts, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Diana El’shaeva
- Department of Unique Buildings and Constructions Engineering, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Sq. 1, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.A.S.); (L.R.M.); (A.A.S.); (D.E.)
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Ogrizek M, Gregorič A, Ivančič M, Contini D, Skube U, Vidović K, Bele M, Šala M, Gunde MK, Rigler M, Menart E, Kroflič A. Characterization of fresh PM deposits on calcareous stone surfaces: Seasonality, source apportionment and soiling potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159012. [PMID: 36162574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollution is one of the major threats to cultural heritage outdoors. It has been recently implied that organic aerosols will prevail over inorganic carbon particulates in the future, changing the main mechanisms of damage caused by poor air quality to calcareous heritage in particular. We studied fresh particulate deposits on marble and limestone surfaces exposed to urban air in sheltered and unsheltered configurations. Due to different air pollution sources in different seasons, the amount and composition of surface deposits varied throughout the year. The main and most constant contributor to PM2.5 (particles smaller than 2.5 μm) were primary traffic emissions (30 %), followed by secondary formation of acidic inorganic aerosols, such as sulphate in summer and nitrate in winter (33 % altogether), and seasonal biomass-burning emissions (14 %). Although biomass burning is the major source of primary organic aerosols including the light-absorbing fraction that prevailed over black carbon (BC) in colder months (up to 60 % carbonaceous aerosol mass), we show that surface darkening causing the soiling effect is still governed by the minor BC fraction of atmospheric aerosols, which remained below 20 % of the carbonaceous aerosol mass throughout the year. This, however, can change in remote environments affected by biomass-burning emissions, such as winter resorts, or by rigorous BC mitigation measures in the future. In the short run, sheltered positions were less affected by different removal processes, but we show that surface deposits are not simply additive when considering longer periods of time. This must be taken into account when extrapolating surface accumulation to longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ogrizek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška ulica 39a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Matic Ivančič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška ulica 39a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC-CNR), Division of Lecce, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Urša Skube
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristijan Vidović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Klanjšek Gunde
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Rigler
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška ulica 39a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Menart
- National Museum of Slovenia, Muzejska ulica 1, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 30, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Sustainable Materials Based on Geopolymer-Polyvinyl Acetate Composites for Art and Design Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245461. [PMID: 36559827 PMCID: PMC9782611 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of the Next Generation EU packages on the circular economy and the Italian Ecological Transition Plan has further boosted the research of effective routes to design materials with low energy and low environmental impact, in all areas of research, including art and design and cultural heritage. In this work, we describe for the first time the preparation and characterization of a new sustainable adhesive material to be used in the art and design sector, consisting of a geopolymer-based composite with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), both considered more environmentally acceptable than the analogous inorganic or polymeric materials currently used in this sector. The key idea has been the development of organic-inorganic composites by reacting low molecular weight polymers with the geopolymer precursor to obtain a material with reduced brittleness and enhanced adhesion with common substrates. Structural, morphological, and mechanical studies pointed out the consistent microstructure of the composite materials if compared to the neat geopolymer, showing lower density (up to 15%), improved flexural strength (up to 30%), similar water absorption and a relevant toughening effect (up to 40%). Moreover, the easy pourability in complex shapes and the excellent adhesion of these materials to common substrates suggest their use as materials for restoration, rehabilitation of monuments, and decorative and architectural intervention. The organic-inorganic nature of these new materials also makes them easily recognizable from the support on which they are used, favoring, in line with the dictates of good restoration practices, their possible complete removal. For all these reasons, these new materials could represent promising candidates to overcome the limits related to the creative industry for what concerns the selection of environmentally friendly materials to meet design requirements with low environmental impacts.
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Geopolymers and Functionalization Strategies for the Development of Sustainable Materials in Construction Industry and Cultural Heritage Applications: A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051725. [PMID: 35268955 PMCID: PMC8910959 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, new synthetic hybrid materials, with an inorganic and organic nature, have been developed to promote their application as protective coatings and/or structural consolidants for several substrates in the construction industry and cultural heritage field. In this context, the scientific community paid attention to geopolymers and their new hybrid functional derivatives to design and develop innovative and sustainable composites with better chemical resistance, durability and mechanical characteristics. This review offers an overview of the latest progress in geopolymer-based hybrid nanofunctional materials and their use to treat and restore cultural heritage, as well as their employment in the building and architectural engineering field. In addition, it discusses the influence of some parameters, such as the chemical and physical characteristics of the substrates, the dosage of the alkaline activator, and the curing treatment, which affect their synthesis and performance.
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Wilhelm K, Longman J, Orr SA, Viles H. Stone-built heritage as a proxy archive for long-term historical air quality: A study of weathering crusts on three generations of stone sculptures on Broad Street, Oxford. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143916. [PMID: 33338691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black crusts on historic buildings are mainly known for their aesthetic and deteriorative impacts, yet they also can advance air pollution research. Past air pollutants accumulate in distinct layers of weathering crusts. Recent studies have used these crusts to reconstruct pollution to improve our understanding of its effects on stone-built heritage. However, the majority of the studies provide only coarse resolution reconstruction of pollution, able to distinguish between 'inner = old' and 'outer = modern' crust layers. In contrast, very few studies have linked distinct periods of exposure to pollution variations in the composition of these crusts. Here we address this research gap by developing a finer-scale resolution pollution record. Our study explored the unique configuration of limestone sculptures in central Oxford, which have been exposed over the last 350 years to three different periods of atmospheric pollution; the early Industrial Revolution, the Victorian period and the 20th century. When the first two generations of sculptures were moved to less polluted areas, their 'pollution clocks' were stopped. Here we discuss the potential of investigating the 'pollution clock' recorded in the geochemical makeup of each sculpture generation's weathering crust layers. We found the analysed crusts record clear changes related to the evolution of modes of transport and industrial and technological development in Oxford. Higher levels of Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se) are linked to pollution from coal burning during Victorian times and Lead (Pb) indicated leaded petrol use in modern times. Our work shows that stone-built heritage with a known history of air pollution exposure allows improving the pollution reconstruction resolution of these weathering crusts. The results provide the basis for calibrating long-term geochemical archives. This approach may be used to reconstruct past air quality and has the potential to inform stone weathering research and conservation, in addition to improving the reconstruction of historical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Wilhelm
- Oxford Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Laboratory (OxRBL), School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
| | - Jack Longman
- Marine Isotope Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Scott Allan Orr
- Bartlett School Environment, Energy and Resources, Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, UK.
| | - Heather Viles
- Oxford Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Laboratory (OxRBL), School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
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Morillas H, Maguregui M, Gallego-Cartagena E, Marcaida I, Carral N, Madariaga JM. The influence of marine environment on the conservation state of Built Heritage: An overview study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140899. [PMID: 32721614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosol is a chemical complex system formed by inorganic salts and organic matter, together with airborne particulate matter from the surrounding environment. The primary particles transported in the marine aerosol can experiment different chemical reactions in the atmosphere, promoting the so-called Secondary Marine Aerosol particles. These kinds of particles (nitrates, sulfates, chlorides etc.), together with the natural crustal or mineral particles and the metallic airborne particulate matter emitted by anthropogenic sources (road traffic, industry, etc.) form clusters which then can be deposited on building materials from a specific construction following dry deposition processes. Apart from that, the acid aerosols (e.g. CO2, SO2, NOX, etc.) present in urban-industrial environments, coming also from anthropogenic sources, can be deposited in the buildings following dry or a wet deposition mechanisms. The interactions of these natural and anthropogenic stressors with building materials can promote different kind of pathologies. In this overview, the negative influence of different marine environments (direct or diffuse influence), with or without the influence of an urban-industrial area (direct or diffuse), on the conservation state of historical constructions including a wide variety of building materials (sandstones, limestones, artificial stones, bricks, plasters, cementitious materials, etc.) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Morillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Didactic of Mathematics and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 450, 01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Euler Gallego-Cartagena
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002 Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Iker Marcaida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nerea Carral
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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Fermo P, Comite V, Ciantelli C, Sardella A, Bonazza A. A multi-analytical approach to study the chemical composition of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) to assess the impact on urban monumental heritage in Florence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140055. [PMID: 32562989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected at the S. Marco Museum in Florence during seasonal monitoring campaigns carried out in 2013 and 2014. The analyses focused on the determination of TSP chemical composition: main ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic compounds (WSOC) and levoglucosa which is considered the specific marker for wood burning. The analysis of TSP composition in Florence historical centre is of interest to assess what the damage caused to the surfaces of the urban monumental heritage could be. TSP higher value has been registered during December 2013 (58,6 μg/m3 ± 7,3 μg/m3) while the lower value has been registered in July 2013 (28,5 μg/m3 ± 2,2 μg/m3). OC and EC were also higher in winter with respect to summer. Sulphate is characterized by quite constant values during all the examined periods while ammonium and nitrate were higher in winter. The seasonal contribution of different sources such as combustion processes (from traffic and wood burning) and soil dust resuspension has been evidenced. In particular during winter a high concentration of levoglucosan, the specific marker for wood combustion, has been determined. Finally, all the data obtained were correlated with those previously determined in another study carried out in 2003 at the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence in order to evaluate any possible change in the atmospheric pollution composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Italy.
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Sardella
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bonazza
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Samara C, Melfos V, Kouras A, Karali E, Zacharopoulou G, Kyranoudi M, Papadopoulou L, Pavlidou E. Morphological and geochemical characterization of the particulate deposits and the black crust from the Triumphal Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki, Greece: Implications for deterioration assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139455. [PMID: 32460084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 12 particulate deposits and one black crust sample were collected from the Triumphal Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki, Greece and characterized by employing a multi-analytical approach including chemical analysis of trace elements and ionic species, as well as scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) to gain information about the micromorphology and the chemical composition in terms of major elements. In addition, one unaltered marble sample, e.g. the marble directly beneath the black crust, was examined by microscopic and isotopic methods to characterize its texture and origin. The particulate deposits consist mainly of calcite, quartz, aluminosilicate mineral phases, several metal oxides of Fe, Ti and FeCr with Mn and Cu. They also include bird droppings enriched in P and S, and plant residuals. The black crust has a similar mineral composition and is dominated by calcite with traces of quartz and halite, whereas P- and S-enriched particles are common. In both cases a coating on calcite crystals with a thin crust rich in Ca, Ba and S is commonly observed and is attributed to the previous conservation works. Concentrations of As, Zn, Pb, Cu, nitrate, sulfate, chloride and acetate were significantly higher in particle deposits than in the black crust as opposed to Fe, Co, Ni and formates that were at the same level. The traffic-related trace elements Pb, Zn and Cu and most ions were significantly higher in low-altitude deposition samples. The current marble deterioration is induced by a combination of factors, including mechanical, physico-chemical and biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vasilios Melfos
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kouras
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eirini Karali
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Zacharopoulou
- Ephorate of Antiquities of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Culture and Sports, Eptapyrgio, 54003 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kyranoudi
- Ephorate of Antiquities of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Culture and Sports, Eptapyrgio, 54003 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lambrini Papadopoulou
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Pavlidou
- Department of Solid State, Faculty of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Multidisciplinary Approach for Evaluating the Geochemical Degradation of Building Stone Related to Pollution Sources in the Historical Center of Naples (Italy). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural stones have represented one of the main building materials since ancient times. In recent decades, a worsening in degradation phenomena related mostly to environmental pollution was observed, threatening their conservation. The present work is focused on the minero-petrographic and geochemical characterization of black crust (BC) samples taken from the historical center of Naples, after selecting two pilot monumental areas. The latter were chosen based on their historical importance, type of material, state of preservation and position in the urban context (i.e., high vehicular traffic area, limited traffic area, industrial area, etc.). The building materials used and their interaction with environmental pollutions were studied comparing the results obtained by means of different analytical techniques such as polarized light Optical Microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion system (SEM-EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and laser ablation coupled with inductive plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).
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13
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Coppola L, Bellezze T, Belli A, Bignozzi MC, Bolzoni F, Brenna A, Cabrini M, Candamano S, Cappai M, Caputo D, Carsana M, Casnedi L, Cioffi R, Cocco O, Coffetti D, Colangelo F, Coppola B, Corinaldesi V, Crea F, Crotti E, Daniele V, De Gisi S, Delogu F, Diamanti MV, Di Maio L, Di Mundo R, Di Palma L, Donnini J, Farina I, Ferone C, Frontera P, Gastaldi M, Giosuè C, Incarnato L, Liguori B, Lollini F, Lorenzi S, Manzi S, Marino O, Marroccoli M, Mascolo MC, Mavilia L, Mazzoli A, Medici F, Meloni P, Merlonetti G, Mobili A, Notarnicola M, Ormellese M, Pastore T, Pedeferri MP, Petrella A, Pia G, Redaelli E, Roviello G, Scarfato P, Scoccia G, Taglieri G, Telesca A, Tittarelli F, Todaro F, Vilardi G, Yang F. Binders alternative to Portland cement and waste management for sustainable construction-part 1. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2018; 16:186-202. [PMID: 29996741 DOI: 10.1177/2280800018782845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents "a state of the art" report on sustainability in construction materials. The authors propose different solutions to make the concrete industry more environmentally friendly in order to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and consumption of non-renewable resources. Part 1-the present paper-focuses on the use of binders alternative to Portland cement, including sulfoaluminate cements, alkali-activated materials, and geopolymers. Part 2 will be dedicated to traditional Portland-free binders and waste management and recycling in mortar and concrete production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Coppola
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto Belli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Bignozzi
- 3 Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Bolzoni
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Brenna
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Cabrini
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Candamano
- 5 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Marta Cappai
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Maddalena Carsana
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovica Casnedi
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cioffi
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy
| | - Ombretta Cocco
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Denny Coffetti
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria Corinaldesi
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fortunato Crea
- 5 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Elena Crotti
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valeria Daniele
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sabino De Gisi
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Di Maio
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Mundo
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Di Palma
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Donnini
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Farina
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferone
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy
| | - Patrizia Frontera
- 13 Department of Civil Engineering, Energy, Environment and Materials, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Giosuè
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Liguori
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Federica Lollini
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Lorenzi
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Stefania Manzi
- 3 Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Ottavio Marino
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Mascolo
- 15 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
| | - Letterio Mavilia
- 16 Department of Heritage, Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alida Mazzoli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Franco Medici
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Meloni
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Glauco Merlonetti
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mobili
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Ormellese
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pastore
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Pedeferri
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrella
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pia
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Redaelli
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | | | - Paola Scarfato
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Scoccia
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuliana Taglieri
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Tittarelli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Todaro
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vilardi
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Fan Yang
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
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15
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Improving the Impact of Commercial Paint on Indoor Air Quality by Using Highly Porous Fillers. BUILDINGS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings7040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Calcium Sulfoaluminate, Geopolymeric, and Cementitious Mortars for Structural Applications. ENVIRONMENTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/environments4030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Influence of Binders and Lightweight Aggregates on the Properties of Cementitious Mortars: From Traditional Requirements to Indoor Air Quality Improvement. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080978. [PMID: 28829382 PMCID: PMC5578344 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Innovative and multifunctional mortars for renders and panels were manufactured using white photocatalytic and non-photocatalytic cement as binder. Unconventional aggregates, based on lightweight materials with high specific surface and adsorbent properties, were adopted in order to investigate the possible ability to passively improve indoor air quality. The reference mortar was manufactured with traditional calcareous sand. Results show that even if the mechanical properties of mortars with unconventional aggregates generally decrease, they remain acceptable for application as render. The innovative mortars were able to passively improve indoor air quality in terms of transpirability (70% higher), moisture buffering ability (65% higher) and depolluting capacity (up to 75% higher) compared to traditional ones under the current test conditions.
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Bonazza A, Vidorni G, Natali I, Ciantelli C, Giosuè C, Tittarelli F. Durability assessment to environmental impact of nano-structured consolidants on Carrara marble by field exposure tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:23-32. [PMID: 27723461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The EU policy of reducing the emissions of combustion generated pollutants entails climate induced deterioration to become more important. Moreover, products applied to preserve outdoor built heritage and their preliminary performance tests often turn out to be improper. In such context, the paper reports the outcomes of the methodology adopted to assess the durability and efficiency of nano-based consolidating products utilized for the conservation of carbonate artworks, performing field exposure tests on Carrara marble model samples in different sites in the framework of the EC Project NANOMATCH. Surface properties and cohesion, extent and penetration of the conservative products and their interactions with marble substrates and environmental conditions are here examined after outdoor exposure for eleven months in four different European cities and compared with the features of undamaged and of untreated damaged specimens undergoing the same exposure settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bonazza
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Vidorni
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Natali
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciantelli
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Giosuè
- Department of Materials and Environmental Engineering and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Biance, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Tittarelli
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Bologna, Italy; Department of Materials and Environmental Engineering and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Biance, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Di Turo F, Proietti C, Screpanti A, Fornasier MF, Cionni I, Favero G, De Marco A. Impacts of air pollution on cultural heritage corrosion at European level: What has been achieved and what are the future scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:586-594. [PMID: 27522406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of pollutants with Cultural Heritage materials leads to artworks and materials degradation and loss, causing an unpriceless damage. This works aims to estimate the impacts of air pollution and meteorological conditions on limestone, copper and bronze and represents the European risk assessment for corrosion of Cultural Heritage materials. The measures and policies for atmospheric pollution reduction have cut off the SO2 concentration and consequently its impact on materials is drastically reduced. Indeed, in 1980 the number of UNESCO sites in danger was extremely high (94% for limestone, 54% for copper and 1% for bronze) while in 2010 these sites did not exceed the tolerable value of surface recession and corrosion. However, some problem related to air pollution persists. In particular, Random Forest Analysis (RFA), highlights PM10 as the main responsible for materials corrosion, in 2010. Two scenarios in 2030 have been tested, highlighting that the corrosion levels of limestone, copper and bronze exceed the tolerable limits only in the Balkan area and Turkey. Our results show the importance in the air quality modelling as a powerful tool for the UNESCO sites conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Irene Cionni
- ENEA, CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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Morillas H, Maguregui M, García-Florentino C, Carrero JA, Salcedo I, Madariaga JM. The cauliflower-like black crusts on sandstones: A natural passive sampler to evaluate the surrounding environmental pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:218-232. [PMID: 26897060 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black crust in buildings can be formed as a result of different kind of chemical and physical reactions between the stone surface and environmental factors (e.g. acid aerosols emitted to the atmosphere, airborne particulate matter, etc.). Moreover, biological colonizations can also be present on them. This kind of pathology is widely present in limestones, but fewer are the case study dealing with the characterization of black crusts on sandstones. In this work we present an innovative methodology based on the use of cauliflower-like black crusts formed on sandstone material as natural passive sampler to evaluate the environmental pollution related with the emission of natural (crustal particles and marine aerosol particles) and metallic elements in the airborne particulate matter from the surrounding atmosphere. To illustrate its usefulness, different cauliflower-like black crusts growing in areas protected from the rain growing in an historical construction, La Galea Fortress, made up of sandstone and placed in the Abra Bay (Getxo, Basque Country, Spain) were characterized. This area suffers the anthropogenic emissions coming from the surrounding industry, traffic, sea port, and the natural ones coming from the surrounding marine atmosphere. The applied analytical methodology began with a previous elemental in situ screening in order to evaluate and compare the presence of the metals trapped in black crusts from different orientations using a hand-held energy dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer. After this preliminary study, samples of black crusts were taken in order to characterize them in the laboratory using molecular techniques (Raman spectroscopy and XRD) and elemental techniques (ICP-MS, SEM-EDS and micro energy dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence). With the last two elemental techniques, imaging analyses were performed at different lateral resolutions in order to observe the distribution of the metals and other kind of particles trapped in the black crust samples. Additionally, a biological colonization found beneath the black crusts was also characterized using Phase Contrast microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Morillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 450, 01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Florentino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Carrero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Isabel Salcedo
- Department of Plant Biology & Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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Study of the frescoes in Ioneştii Govorii wooden church (Romania) using multi-technique investigations. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Day WC, Berendt RF. Experimental tularemia in Macaca mulatta: relationship of aerosol particle size to the infectivity of airborne Pasteurella tularensis. Infect Immun 1972. [PMID: 4632469 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ninety-six Macaca mulatta were exposed to aerosol particles containing Pasteurella tularensis. Four different aerosols were employed that contained particle size distributions with median diameters of 2.1, 7.5, 12.5, or 24.0 mum. Size distributions were calculated only for those particles observed by phase microscope to contain organisms. Animals exposed to particles whose median diameters were either 2.1 or 7.5 mum were all infected and showed extensive infection of the lower respiratory tract, evidenced by large patches of consolidation with many necrotic foci on the surface. Death occurred in these animals 4 to 8 days after exposure. Monkeys exposed to 12.5- or 24.0-mum median diameter particles presented involvement of the cervical and mandibular lymph nodes, evidenced by swelling and abscess formation. Thirty-eight of the 45 animals in this group were infected. Those animals succumbing to the disease died from 8 to 21 days after exposure. The respiratory LD(50) values increased from 14 to 4,447 cells as the median diameter was raised from 2.1 to 24.0 mum.
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