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Garagnon J, Perrette Y, Naffrechoux E, Pons-Branchu E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon record in an urban secondary carbonate deposit over the last three centuries (Paris, France). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167429. [PMID: 37774882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Preserving water resources and limiting pollution are central environmental issues in the current context of intense anthropization. Among organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are commonly analysed as part of water quality assessments. After being emitted into the atmosphere, these persistent organic pollutants are deposited on the continental surface, where they are transported to the aquatic environment by run-off and infiltration waters. Mainly due to anthropogenic emissions, PAHs can therefore be considered as a proxy for human activities. Urban secondary carbonate deposits (USCDs), similar to cave speleothems, have recently been studied for their potential as natural archives of water quality. However, USCDs have never been used to trace water organic pollution and only a few studies on PAHs in speleothems are available. This study focuses on a well-dated USCD covering the last 300 years from the Great Aqueduct of Belleville (north-east of Paris, France). The aim is to determine the nature and variation of trapped organic compounds over time and to discuss their origin, transport, and link with changes in soil occupation due to human activities. To do so, high-resolution solid-phase UV fluorescence imaging analyses were combined with chemical analyses of PAHs and organic carbon carried out on low-weight samples. The results show that PAHs have been present in urban surface water for 300 years. Over the last few decades, a 7-fold increase is observed, accompanied by a change in the pollution source, enriched in high-molecular-weight PAHs, probably linked to urban dust. This study also reveals modes of transport directly influenced by changes in the soil occupation that are very different from those usually encountered in natural environments. This work thus paves the way for a better long-term understanding of the impact of human activity on the transfer of pollutants to sub-surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Garagnon
- LSCE/IPSL, UMR 8212CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; EDYTEM (CNRS/USMB/MCC), Bâtiment Pole Montagne, Campus Scientifique, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France.
| | - Yves Perrette
- EDYTEM (CNRS/USMB/MCC), Bâtiment Pole Montagne, Campus Scientifique, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Naffrechoux
- EDYTEM (CNRS/USMB/MCC), Bâtiment Pole Montagne, Campus Scientifique, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France
| | - Edwige Pons-Branchu
- LSCE/IPSL, UMR 8212CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Briard J, Ayrault S, Roy-Barman M, Bordier L, L'Héritier M, Azéma A, Syvilay D, Baron S. Determining the geochemical fingerprint of the lead fallout from the Notre-Dame de Paris fire: Lessons for a better discrimination of chemical signatures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:160676. [PMID: 36513227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
On 2019, the fire of Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral ("NDdP") spread an unknown amount of lead (Pb) dust from the roof of the cathedral over Paris. No data describing the geochemical fingerprint of the roof lead, as well as no particle collected during the fire, were available: a post-hoc sampling was performed. To discriminate the potential environmental impact of the fire from multiple Pb sources in Paris, it was mandatory to define unequivocally the fire dust geochemical signature. A dedicated and in hindsight geochemistry-based strategy was developed to eliminate any source of potential contamination due to sampling substrates or previously deposited dust. Radiogenic Pb isotopic signatures (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios) and elemental ratios were determined in 23 Pb-rich samples collected inside NDdP. We determined that the dust collected on wood substrates on the first floor was most representative of fire emissions. These samples were the analyzed for the 4 Pb isotopes (204, 206, 207, 208) and the fire dust signature is characterized by ratio values of 206Pb/207Pb: 1.1669-1.1685, 208Pb/206Pb: 2.0981-2.1095, 208Pb/204Pb: 38.307-38.342, 207Pb/204Pb: 15.633-15.639 and 206Pb/204Pb: 18.242-18.275. In addition, the fire dust presents typical element-to-Pb ratio. This fingerprint was compared to the signatures of the known local Pb sources. The geochemical fingerprint of the fire is significantly different from that of the dominant urban Pb source. This will allow future evaluation of the contribution of the fire to Paris Pb pollution and of the real extent of the area affected by the Pb-containing dust plume. Moreover, the geographical origin of Pb used for the roof restauration and the spire building was identified. These findings open new ways to study the Pb sources in historical monuments for environmental impacts evaluation, as well as for historical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Briard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE UMR 8212, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, France
| | - Sophie Ayrault
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE UMR 8212, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, France.
| | - Matthieu Roy-Barman
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE UMR 8212, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, France
| | - Louise Bordier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE UMR 8212, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, France
| | - Maxime L'Héritier
- Archéologie et Sciences de l'Antiquité, ArScAn UMR 7041, CNRS, Université Paris 8, France
| | - Aurélia Azéma
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, CRC USR 3224, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - CNRS - Ministère de la Culture, France
| | - Delphine Syvilay
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, CRC USR 3224, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - CNRS - Ministère de la Culture, France
| | - Sandrine Baron
- Laboratoire Travaux et Recherches Archéologiques sur les Cultures, les Espaces et les Sociétés, TRACES UMR 5608, CNRS - Université de Toulouse, France
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Serrani D, Ajmone-Marsan F, Corti G, Cocco S, Cardelli V, Adamo P. Heavy metal load and effects on biochemical properties in urban soils of a medium-sized city, Ancona, Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3425-3449. [PMID: 34617246 PMCID: PMC9522685 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urban soils are often mixed with extraneous materials and show a high spatial variability that determine great differences from their agricultural or natural counterparts. The soils of 18 localities of a medium-sized city (Ancona, Italy) were analysed for their main physicochemical and biological properties, and for chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg) total content, distribution among particle-size fractions, and extractability. Because of the absence of thresholds defining a hot spot for heavy metal pollution in urban soils, we defined a "threshold of attention" (ToA) for each heavy metal aiming to bring out hot spot soils where it is more impellent to intervene to mitigate or avoid potential environmental concerns. In several city locations, the soil displayed sub-alkaline pH, large contents of clay-size particles, and higher TOC, total N, and available P with respect to the surrounding rural areas, joined with high contents of total heavy metals, but low availability. The C biomass, basal respiration, qCO2, and enzyme activities were compared to that detected in the near rural soils, and results suggested that heavy metals content has not substantially compromised the soil ecological services. We conclude that ToA can be considered as a valuable tool to highlight soil hot spots especially for cities with a long material history and, for a proper risk assessment in urban soils, we suggest considering the content of available heavy metals (rather than the total content) and soil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Serrani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Franco Ajmone-Marsan
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Corti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Cocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valeria Cardelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Adamo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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Travertine crystal growth ripples record the hydraulic history of ancient Rome's Anio Novus aqueduct. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1239. [PMID: 35075188 PMCID: PMC8786873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Travertine crystal growth ripples are used to reconstruct the early hydraulic history of the Anio Novus aqueduct of ancient Rome. These crystalline morphologies deposited within the aqueduct channel record the hydraulic history of gravity-driven turbulent flow at the time of Roman operation. The wavelength, amplitude, and steepness of these travertine crystal growth ripples indicate that large-scale sustained aqueduct flows scaled directly with the thickness of the aqueous viscous sublayer. Resulting critical shear Reynolds numbers are comparable with those reconstructed from heat/mass transfer crystalline ripples formed in other natural and engineered environments. This includes sediment transport in rivers, lakes, and oceans, chemical precipitation and dissolution in caves, and melting and freezing in ice. Where flow depth and perimeter could be reconstructed from the distribution and stratigraphy of the travertine within the Anio Novus aqueduct, flow velocity and rate have been quantified by deriving roughness-flow relationships that are independent of water temperature. More generally, under conditions of near-constant water temperature and kinematic viscosity within the Anio Novus aqueduct channel, the travertine crystal growth ripple wavelengths increased with decreasing flow velocity, indicating that systematic changes took place in flow rate during travertine deposition. This study establishes that travertine crystal growth ripples such as those preserved in the Anio Novus provide a sensitive record of past hydraulic conditions, which can be similarly reconstructed from travertine deposited in other ancient water conveyance and storage systems around the world.
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Wang JL, Alasonati E, Fisicaro P, Benedetti MF. Titanium nanoparticles fate in small-sized watersheds under different land-uses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126695. [PMID: 34418834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters from three catchments having contrasting land-uses (forested, agricultural, and urban) were sampled monthly and analysed for nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (NPs-TiO2) by single particle ICPMS and electron microscopy. We report one-year of data for NPs-TiO2 having average number and mass concentrations of 9.1 × 108 NPs-TiO2 particles L-1 and 11 µg NPs-TiO2 L-1 respectively. An increase in concentration during warmer months is observed in the forested and agricultural catchments. Both concentrations of NPs-TiO2 are within the range of recently reported values using similar analytical approaches. The positive correlations for NPs-TiO2 mass concentration or particle number with the concentration of some trace elements and DOC in the forested and agricultural catchments suggest the detected NPs-TiO2 in these two systems are mostly from geogenic origin. Additionally, microscopy imaging confirmed the presence of NPs in the three catchments. Furthermore, the land-area normalized annual flux of NPs-TiO2 (1.65 kg TiO2 year-1 km-2) was highest for the agricultural catchment, suggesting that agricultural practices have a different impact on the NPs-TiO2 dynamics and exports than other land-uses (urban or forestry). A similar trend is also found by the reanalysis of recent literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lan Wang
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, Paris 75015, France
| | - Enrica Alasonati
- Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, Paris 75015, France
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, Paris 75015, France
| | - Marc F Benedetti
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Ferreira MDS, Fontes MPF, Pacheco AA, Ker JC, Lima HN. Health risks of potentially toxic trace elements in urban soils of Manaus city, Amazon, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3407-3427. [PMID: 33555492 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The city of Manaus is the biggest industrial city of the north Brazilian region, and a haphazard urbanization process characterizes it. The continuous urbanization and industrialization processes have increased the levels of trace elements in the urban environment and have posed great threat on human health. It is, then, essential to assess the pollution levels and the potential risks of the trace elements presence in urban soils. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the status of trace elements soils pollution and their human health risks to the population of Manaus City. Twenty-two soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm), and the contents of Ba, Cr, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb were analyzed. Results showed the predominance of kaolinite, gibbsite and goethite as the main minerals of the clay fraction. The trace elements contents were affected by both natural sources and anthropic activities such as industrial operations and vehicular emissions. The soil contamination assessment by Enrichment Factor showed the existence of eight samples classified as considerably contaminated and two samples classified as highly contaminated. Geoaccumulation index also showed the existence of eight samples exhibiting considerable contamination and one sample showing high contamination. The non-carcinogenic health risk was considered low (HI < 1) to both children and adults. However, the carcinogenic risk of Cd and Pb was higher than the safety limits (CRtotal > 1 × 10-6), indicating that the long exposure to contaminated soils increases the probability of children's cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anderson Almeida Pacheco
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Ker
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Hedinaldo Narciso Lima
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Solos, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-900, Brazil
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Chen R, Zhang Q, Chen H, Yue W, Teng Y. Source apportionment of heavy metals in sediments and soils in an interconnected river-soil system based on a composite fingerprint screening approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125125. [PMID: 33486225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has been a global concern and key points of environmental pollution prevention and control due to the growing problems of urbanization and industrialization. Rapidly and correctly apportioning sources of heavy metal is still a great challenge because of the stability of source fingerprint and complex interaction of multiple contaminants and sources. In this study, we perform a combination of optimization of pollution source fingerprint and source apportionment through jointly utilizing two machine classification and screening methods for characterizing the pollution sources of heavy metal in the sediments of an urban river and its surrounding soils. Dominance-based rough set model (DRS), content optimization tools, and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares model (MCR-WALS) were employed to screen representative pollution source samples, optimize pollution source fingerprint, and apportion the potential sources of heavy metals, respectively. Further, Support vector machine (SVM) was adopted to correspondence analysis results and pollution fingerprint based on the factor characteristics for achieving source apportionment accurately. Results showed that the pollution source pollution source fingerprints optimized by DRS and optimization tools are more representative and stable, and the results obtained by SVM and MCR-WALS are more accurate comparing with traditional methods. As whole, source apportionment suggested that printing and dyeing, chemical, electroplating, metal processing were the main origins of heavy metals in this area and the proportions of them in sediment and soil pollution sources were 67.05% and 28.43%, respectively. Besides, coal combustion was also the main sources of heavy metal pollution in soils, accounting about 34.16%. Results of the study can advance our knowledge to better understand the characterization of heavy metal pollution in the peri-urban ecosystem and to design effective targeted strategies for reducing heavy metal pollution diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, China.
| | - Haiyang Chen
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weifeng Yue
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Carbonate Neoformations on Modern Buildings and Engineering Structures in Tyumen City, Russia: Structural Features and Development Factors. GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of studying the development of calcite neoformations on the surfaces of modern buildings within the city of Tyumen. The objects of the study were carbonate crusts and stalactite-like bodies formed on the surfaces of five representative buildings in the city center. Research methods included visual diagnostics, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and semi-quantitative determination of the mineral composition by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of the study show that calcite is the main component of all carbonate crusts, while other minerals were found in small quantities. The microscopic studies revealed the differences in morphology of crusts developing on horizontal and vertical surfaces. The mycelium of fungi (presumably of the Penicillium group), represented by filamentous and often hollow hyphae covered with calcite, as well as relics of bacterial colonies were found in all studied samples. It was noted that the mycelium forms the structural frame of carbonate crusts and stalactites. Studies have shown that the prokaryotic–eukaryotic communities are responsible for the high rate of the urban speleothem growth and play the main role in calcite precipitation at the initial stages of their development.
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Aiman N, Gulnaz S, Alena M. The characteristics of pollution in the big industrial cities of Kazakhstan by the example of Almaty. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2018; 16:81-88. [PMID: 30258644 PMCID: PMC6148231 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-0299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental pollution is a problem in the most industrial cities, including Almaty. These cities are frequently overpopulated and hazardous industrial facilities often have a negative impact on public health. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of pollution in Almaty city and assess possible impact on a human by comparing obtained results with sanitary and hygienic standards. (Hygienic standards (HS) 2.1.7.2042-06. AAC of chemical substances in soil Russia). We used both local standards, such as ST RK 2011-2010 "Water, Food, Stern and Tobacco Products. Determination of Chlororganic Pesticides" and International Standards (Customs Union) Sanitary Regulations and Norms number 4630-88. METHODS The study was conducted by sampling air, water, and soil and subsequently analyzing them via laboratory and instrumental methods. RESULTS Heavy metals were detected via a high-precision method of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Noise was measured on location. Geographic regions with characteristic types of pollution were discovered. It was found that the main polluting factors were as follows: air pollution - carbon monoxide, suspended solids in the form of dust, lead, and noise; water - ammonium compounds, organic substances (assessed based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB); soil - lead and PCB. The amount of suspended solids in the air exceeded standard levels by as much as 13.6 times. CONCLUSIONS We visualized obtained data (using StatSoft Statistica v6.0 Rus and Exhibit 3.0 (MIT Simile Project) Softwares) for three districts of Almaty, which allowed us to compare the results efficiently. The results show the need for a detailed study on the optimization of the state of the environment and public health. Plans for further studies include development of a system that would enable reducing the negative impact of industrial facilities on public health and the environment in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazhmetdinova Aiman
- RSE on PVC “Scientific and Practical Centre for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring” the Ministry of Health of The Republic of Kazakhstan, Ayezova str. 84, Almaty, 050008 Kazakhstan
| | - Sarmanbetova Gulnaz
- RSE on PVC “Scientific and Practical Centre for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring” the Ministry of Health of The Republic of Kazakhstan, Ayezova str. 84, Almaty, 050008 Kazakhstan
| | - Magai Alena
- RSE on PVC “Scientific and Practical Centre for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring” the Ministry of Health of The Republic of Kazakhstan, Ayezova str. 84, Almaty, 050008 Kazakhstan
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Gałuszka A, Migaszewski ZM, Namieśnik J. The role of analytical chemistry in the study of the Anthropocene. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Nagra G, Treble PC, Andersen MS, Bajo P, Hellstrom J, Baker A. Dating stalagmites in mediterranean climates using annual trace element cycles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:621. [PMID: 28377628 PMCID: PMC5428411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Speleothems may preserve geochemical information at annual resolution, preserving information about past hydrology, environment and climate. In this study, we advance information-extraction from speleothems in two ways. First, the limitations in dating modern stalagmites are overcome by refining a dating method that uses annual trace element cycles. It is shown that high-frequency variations in elements affected by prior calcite precipitation (PCP) can be used to date speleothems and yield an age within 2–4% chronological uncertainty of the actual age of the stalagmite. This is of particular relevance to mediterranean regions that display strong seasonal controls on PCP, due to seasonal variability in water availability and cave-air pCO2. Second, using the chronology for one stalagmite sample, trace elements and growth-rate are compared with a record of climate and local environmental change i.e. land-use and fire, over the 20th century. Well-defined peaks in soil-derived trace elements and simultaneous decreases in growth-rate coincide with extreme annual rainfall totals in 1934 and 1974. One of which, 1934, was due to a recorded cyclone. We also find that bedrock-derived elements that are dominated by PCP processes, reflect a well-known period of drying in southwest Australia which began in the 1970’s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurinder Nagra
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Pauline C Treble
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Australian Nuclear Science and Technological Organization, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Martin S Andersen
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Petra Bajo
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John Hellstrom
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andy Baker
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Pons-Branchu E, Roy-Barman M, Jean-Soro L, Guillerme A, Branchu P, Fernandez M, Dumont E, Douville E, Michelot JL, Phillips AM. Urbanization impact on sulfur content of groundwater revealed by the study of urban speleothem-like deposits: Case study in Paris, France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:124-132. [PMID: 27866745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Speleothem-like deposits that develop underground in urban areas are an archive of the environmental impact of anthropic activities that has been little studied so far. In this paper, the sulfate content in shallow groundwater from northern Paris (France) is compared with the sulfur content in two 300-year-old urban carbonate deposits that grew in a historical underground aqueduct. The present-day waters of the aqueduct have very high sulfur and calcium contents, suggesting pollution from gypsum dissolution. However, geological gypsum levels are located below the water table. Sulfur content was measured by micro-X-ray fluorescence in these very S-rich carbonate deposits (0.5 to 1% of S). A twofold S increase during the second half of the 1800s was found in both samples. These dates correspond to two major periods of urbanization above the site. We discus three possible S sources: anthropic sources (industries, fertilizers…), volcanic eruptions and input within the water through gypsum brought for urbanization above the studied site (backfill with quarry waste) since the middle of the 19th century. For the younger second half of the studied section, S input from gypsum brought during urbanization was confirmed by the study of isotopic sulfur composition (δ34S=+15.2‰ at the top). For the oldest part, several sulfur peaks could be related to early industrial activity in Paris, that caused high local air pollution, as reported in historical archives but also to historical gypsum extraction. This study provides information on the origin and timing of the very high SO42- levels measured nowadays within the shallow groundwater, thus demonstrating the interest in using carbonate deposits in urban areas as a proxy for the history of urbanization or human activities and their impact on water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pons-Branchu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - M Roy-Barman
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - L Jean-Soro
- LUNAM Université, IFSTTAR - centre de Nantes, Route de Bouaye CS4, 44344 Bouguenais, France
| | - A Guillerme
- CNAM: HT2S, EA 3716, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - P Branchu
- CEREMA, 12 Rue Teisserenc de Bort, 78197 Trappes-en-Yvelines Cedex, France
| | - M Fernandez
- CNAM: HT2S, EA 3716, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - E Dumont
- CEREMA Rue de l'Egalité Prolongée - BP 134, 93352 Le Bourget Cedex 319, France
| | - E Douville
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J L Michelot
- GEOPS Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 504, Rue du Belvédère, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - A M Phillips
- GNS Science, National Isotope Centre, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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