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Saidu AS, Mohammed S, Adamu SG, Sadiq MA, Tijjani AO, Musa HI, Jajere SM, Goni MD, Muhammed A, Idriss MD. Prevalence and risk estimates of Cryptosporidium oocysts infection associated with consumption of raw-eaten vegetables in Maiduguri metropolis LGAs, Northeast Nigeria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23079. [PMID: 38155194 PMCID: PMC10754946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most important protozoan parasitic pathogens, and it is a common cause of diarrhoea in humans, domestic animals, and wild vertebrates and has serious public health threats. A cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw-eaten vegetables in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC) and Jere Local Government Areas (LGAs). A total of 400 samples were collected from four (4) different locations, namely Tashan Bama, Gomboru, and Monday Markets (n = 100), while fifty (n = 50) each from 202-Vegetable-Vendors and Unimaid Commercials. A total of 16 visits were conducted in all the sampling areas (twenty-five samples per visit). The Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected using the Modified Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Technique. The locations, sources, and types of raw-eaten vegetables were also assessed. The oocysts were confirmed (100×) as bright pink spherules. Data generated were analyzed using IBM-SPSS V23.0, and p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Out of the total samples (n = 400) analyzed, cabbage appeared to have the highest number of 10 (12.5%) of Cryptosporidium oocysts detected, while Tomato and garden egg had 9 (11.3%) and 1 (1.2%), respectively. There was a statistically significant association (χ2 = 12.5, P = 0.014) between the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw-eaten vegetables and vegetable types. Among the sources of the vegetables sampled, Alau had the highest number of Cryptosporidium oocysts, 15 (12.5%), followed by Kilari-Abdullahi and Zabarmari sources with 4 (10.0%) and 4 (5.0%), respectively. However, Jetete appeared to have the least number 2 (2.5%) of oocysts, and there was a statistically significant association (χ2= 10.4, P = 0.034) between the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and the sources of vegetables and fruits. The study concludes that the raw-eaten vegetables sampled from Maiduguri Metropolis were contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts. The study recommends that all raw-eaten vegetables should be from cleaned sources and washed before consumption. Consumers should be enlightened on the hygienic measures in the food chain in line with the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Saidu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600001, Borno State, Nigeria.
- Public Health and Zoonoses Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100, Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Malaysia.
| | - S Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600001, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - S G Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600001, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - M A Sadiq
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600001, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - A O Tijjani
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600001, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - H I Musa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600001, Borno State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S M Jajere
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600001, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - M D Goni
- Public Health and Zoonoses Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100, Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Malaysia
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - A Muhammed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600001, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - M D Idriss
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600001, Borno State, Nigeria
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Sammarro Silva KJ, Sabogal-Paz LP. Analytical challenges and perspectives of assessing viability of Giardia muris cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by live/dead simultaneous staining. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:60-69. [PMID: 32463712 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1775712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium are pathogenic protozoa often present in the environment in their infective form(cysts and oocysts). These parasites are very resistant to disinfection, which makes them important target organisms in environmental quality monitoring and sanitation. Viability assessment provides an interpretation of cell inactivation, and it can be evaluated by membrane integrity as well as enzyme activity, using different staining methods. These are straightforward and adequate to laboratories that lack infrastructure for molecular-based technologies or animal infectivity tests. This study investigated simultaneous staining by a commercial live/dead kit, in order to assess viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia muris cysts, comparing it to propidium iodide (PI) incorporation, a common stain applied in viability estimation. Results suggested that, although the central hypothesis of one-panel visualization (α = 0.05) was met, simultaneous staining impaired (oo)cyst detection by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), which was found to be essential to enumeration, as the live/dead test led to poor (oo)cyst labelling or a 10-fold lower recovery when carried out concomitantly to IFA. As for the viability assessment itself, although red dye uptake occurred as expected by dead or weakened organisms, neither live G. muris cysts or C. parvum oocysts present any green fluorescence by esterase metabolism. This may have been caused by low enzyme activity in the infective form and/or wall thickness of these parasites. The results do not exclude the possibility of simultaneous fluorescence staining for protozoa, but it is a starting point for a broader analysis, that may consider, for instance, different incubation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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Sammarro Silva KJ, Sabogal-Paz LP. Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in drinking water treatment residues: comparison of recovery methods for quantity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:3144-3153. [PMID: 31994991 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1723712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water treatment plant (WTP) residues, e.g. sludge and filter backwash water (FBW), may contain pathogenic microorganisms, as Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. However, recovering protozoa from such matrices lacks a formal and precise protocol, which is imperative to improve research in their detection, removal and inactivation. The latter includes a deeper challenge as some recovery methods may compromise viability. This study applied different recovery methods for G. muris cysts and C. parvum oocysts spiked into settled sludge and FBW obtained from a bench treatment. Procedures in sludge involved direct centrifugation, alkaline and acid flocculation, including purification by immunomagnetic separation (IMS). FBW samples were tested for membrane filtration (MF) and heated Tween® scrapings followed or not by IMS. Propidium iodide (PI) inclusion was used for oocyst viability evaluation prior and after recovery. Results with purified suspensions lead to higher recovery efficiencies (RE) for C. parvum, which was assumed to relate to poor G. muris fluorescence. Analytical quality assessments were carried out with ColorSeed® for the methods that stood out for each matrix and the results indicated lower RE than when organisms from purified suspensions were recovered. Ferric sulphate flocculation and MF, both followed by IMS reached 32.25% and 11.00% RE for Giardia spp. and 19.61% and 2.00% for Cryptosporidium spp., respectively. All of the tested methods affected oocyst viability. These results encourage further research to overcome the matrices complexity explained in this paper and increase RE, taking effects in protozoa viability into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sammarro Silva KJ, Sabogal-Paz LP. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts as target-organisms in sanitation and environmental monitoring: A review in microscopy-based viability assays. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116590. [PMID: 33166919 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysts and (oo)cysts are the infective forms of parasitic protozoa, as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which are widespread and associated to worldwide waterborne diseases outbreaks. These microorganisms pose a challenge to public health, as they are resistant to conventional disinfection methods, which make them important parameters when evaluating inactivation efficiency. However, when (oo)cysts are targets, it is challenging to infer inactivation efficacy, as it may require infectivity tests that are not often an option for laboratory routine analysis. In this scene, (oo)cyst viability based on induced excystation, membrane integrity and enzyme activity evaluated by dye inclusion and/or exclusion, as well as fluorescence reduction consist on microscopy-based techniques that may be options to estimate inactivation in the environmental context. This scoping review presents applications, advantages and limitations of these methodologies for viability assessment, in order to shed light on the (oo)cyst viability topic and provide insight strategies for choosing protocols in the environmental and sanitation field, in laboratory applications and novel research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil.
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Tápparo DC, Rogovski P, Cadamuro RD, Marques Souza DS, Bonatto C, Frumi Camargo A, Scapini T, Stefanski F, Amaral A, Kunz A, Hernández M, Treichel H, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Fongaro G. Nutritional, Energy and Sanitary Aspects of Swine Manure and Carcass Co-digestion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:333. [PMID: 32411682 PMCID: PMC7200981 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Renewable energy can assist the management of the effects of population growth and rapid economic development on the sustainability of animal husbandry. The primary aim of renewable energy is to minimize the use of fossil fuels via the creation of environmentally friendly energy products from depleted fossil fuels. Digesters that treat swine manure are extensively used in treatment systems; and inclusion of swine carcasses can increase the organic loading rate (OLR) thereby improving biogas yield and productivity on farms. However, the characteristics of the components including animal residues, proteins, lipids, remains of undigested feed items, antimicrobial drug residues, pathogenic microorganisms and nutrient contents, are complex and diverse. It is therefore necessary to manage the anaerobic process stability and digestate purification for subsequent use as fertilizer. Efficient methane recovery from residues rich in lipids is difficult because such residues are only slowly biodegradable. Pretreatment can promote solubilization of lipids and accelerate anaerobic digestion, and pretreatments can process the swine carcass before its introduction onto biodigesters. This review presents an overview of the anaerobic digestion of swine manure and carcasses. We analyze the characteristics of these residues, and we identify strategies to enhance biogas yield and process stability. We consider energy potential, co-digestion of swine manure and carcasses, physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment of biomass, sanitary aspects of swine manure and co-digestates and their recycling as fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisi Cristina Tápparo
- Western Paraná State University - UNIOESTE/CCET/PGEAGRI, Cascavel, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Brazil
| | - Paula Rogovski
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Charline Bonatto
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - Aline Frumi Camargo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - Thamarys Scapini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - Fábio Stefanski
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - André Amaral
- Western Paraná State University - UNIOESTE/CCET/PGEAGRI, Cascavel, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Hernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Brazil
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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Medeiros RC, Daniel LA, de Oliveira GL, Hoffmann MT. Performance of a small-scale wastewater treatment plant for removal of pathogenic protozoa (oo)cysts and indicator microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3492-3501. [PMID: 29813004 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1480063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The protozoa Giardia and Cryptosporidium are associated with numerous outbreaks of waterborne diseases worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of Giardia spp. cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in raw wastewater and their removals at UASB reactor, activated sludge system (operated conventionally and extended aeration) and slow sand filtration. Giardia spp. cysts were present in 100% and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in 31.4% of the analysed wastewater samples. The UASB reactor followed by activated sludge system obtained approximately 2.0 log of removal for total coliforms and E. coli, whereas for C. perfringens and Giardia spp. cysts, it obtained 1 log. There was a high percentage of (oo)cysts still viable after secondary treatment, therefore, the risk of contamination of water courses and, consequently, for public health is considerable. However, after tertiary filtration, no (oo)cysts were found in any of the filtered effluent samples, being a good option for future reuse. Seasonal variations did not affect the concentrations and removals of microorganisms observed. Lack of correlations of concentrations of indicator microorganisms and (oo)cysts raise caveats and doubts regarding the true microbiological quality when using only indicator microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Corrêa Medeiros
- Department of Engineering and Environmental Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria , Frederico Westphalen , Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Hydraulics and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo , São Carlos - São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gabriela Laila de Oliveira
- Hydraulics and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo , São Carlos - São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Hoffmann
- Hydraulics and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo , São Carlos - São Paulo , Brazil
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Castro L, Escalante H, Jaimes-Estévez J, Díaz LJ, Vecino K, Rojas G, Mantilla L. Low cost digester monitoring under realistic conditions: Rural use of biogas and digestate quality. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 239:311-317. [PMID: 28531856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to assess the behaviour of anaerobic digestion of cattle manure in a rural digester under realistic conditions, and estimate the quality and properties of the digestate. The data obtained during monitoring indicated that the digester operation was stable without risk of inhibition. It produced an average of 0.85Nm3biogas/d at 65.6% methane, providing an energy savings of 76%. In addition, the digestate contained high nutrient concentrations, which is an important feature of fertilizers. However, this method requires post-treatment due to the presence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Castro
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías de Valorización de Residuos y Fuentes Agrícolas e Industriales para la Sustentabilidad Energética (INTERFASE), Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9 Ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - H Escalante
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías de Valorización de Residuos y Fuentes Agrícolas e Industriales para la Sustentabilidad Energética (INTERFASE), Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9 Ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - J Jaimes-Estévez
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías de Valorización de Residuos y Fuentes Agrícolas e Industriales para la Sustentabilidad Energética (INTERFASE), Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9 Ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - L J Díaz
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías de Valorización de Residuos y Fuentes Agrícolas e Industriales para la Sustentabilidad Energética (INTERFASE), Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9 Ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - K Vecino
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías de Valorización de Residuos y Fuentes Agrícolas e Industriales para la Sustentabilidad Energética (INTERFASE), Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9 Ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - G Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías de Valorización de Residuos y Fuentes Agrícolas e Industriales para la Sustentabilidad Energética (INTERFASE), Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9 Ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - L Mantilla
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías de Valorización de Residuos y Fuentes Agrícolas e Industriales para la Sustentabilidad Energética (INTERFASE), Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9 Ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Vermeulen LC, Benders J, Medema G, Hofstra N. Global Cryptosporidium Loads from Livestock Manure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8663-8671. [PMID: 28654242 PMCID: PMC5645758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental pathways of Cryptosporidium is essential for effective management of human and animal cryptosporidiosis. In this paper we aim to quantify livestock Cryptosporidium spp. loads to land on a global scale using spatially explicit process-based modeling, and to explore the effect of manure storage and treatment on oocyst loads using scenario analysis. Our model GloWPa-Crypto L1 calculates a total global Cryptosporidium spp. load from livestock manure of 3.2 × 1023 oocysts per year. Cattle, especially calves, are the largest contributors, followed by chickens and pigs. Spatial differences are linked to animal spatial distributions. North America, Europe, and Oceania together account for nearly a quarter of the total oocyst load, meaning that the developing world accounts for the largest share. GloWPa-Crypto L1 is most sensitive to oocyst excretion rates, due to large variation reported in literature. We compared the current situation to four alternative management scenarios. We find that although manure storage halves oocyst loads, manure treatment, especially of cattle manure and particularly at elevated temperatures, has a larger load reduction potential than manure storage (up to 4.6 log units). Regions with high reduction potential include India, Bangladesh, western Europe, China, several countries in Africa, and New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie C. Vermeulen
- Environmental
Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Phone: +31317486594; fax: +31317419000;
e-mail: , (L.C.V.)
| | - Jorien Benders
- Environmental
Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR
Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box
1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Faculty
of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft
University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Environmental
Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kinyua MN, Wald I, Camacho-Céspedes F, Izurieta R, Haas CN, Ergas SJ. Does the use of tubular digesters to treat livestock waste lower the risk of infection from Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia? JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:738-753. [PMID: 27740541 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, high incidences of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are attributed to livestock waste. Quantitative microbial risk assessment can be used to estimate the risk of livestock related infections from Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. The objective of this paper was to assess the occupational and public health risks associated with management of raw and anaerobically digested livestock waste in two rural communities in Costa Rica based on fomite, soil and crop contamination and livestock waste management exposure pathways. Risks related to cattle waste were greater than swine waste due to cattle shedding more (oo)cysts. Cryptosporidium parvum also posed a greater risk than Giardia lamblia in all exposure pathways due to livestock shedding high loads of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and oocysts' lower inactivation rates during anaerobic digestion compared with Giardia lamblia cysts. The risk of infection from exposure to contaminated soil and crops was significantly lower for a community using tubular anaerobic digesters to treat livestock waste compared to a community where the untreated waste was applied to soil. The results indicate that treatment of livestock waste in small-scale tubular anaerobic digesters has the potential to significantly decrease the risk of infection below the World Health Organization's acceptable individual annual risk of infection (10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen N Kinyua
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA E-mail: ; Present address: Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th St. 918 S. W. Mudd Hall, 500, Manhattan, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ileana Wald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, 760 Davis Hall Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fabricio Camacho-Céspedes
- University of Georgia, Costa Rica, Apartado 108-5655 Santa Elena de Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Ricardo Izurieta
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave CPH 1127, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Charles N Haas
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 251 Curtis Hall, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarina J Ergas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA E-mail:
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