1
|
Unique pool of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes in novel bacteria assembled from cow and buffalo rumen metagenomes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4643-4654. [PMID: 35699736 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of genomes from environmental metagenomes offers an excellent prospect for studying the metabolic potential of organisms resilient to isolation in laboratory conditions. Here, we assembled 12 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) with an estimated completion of ≥ 90% from cow and buffalo rumen metagenomes. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) score-based screening with an existing database suggests the novelty of these genomes. Gene prediction led to the identification of 30,359 protein-encoding genes (PEGs) across 12 genomes, of which only 44.8% were annotated against a specific functional attribute. Further analysis revealed the presence of 985 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) from more than 50 glycoside hydrolase families, of which 90% do not have a proper match in the CAZy database. Genome mining revealed the presence of a high frequency of plant biomass deconstructing genes in Bacteroidetes MAGs compared to Firmicutes. The results strongly indicate that the rumen chamber harbors high numbers of deeply branched and as-yet uncultured microbes that encode novel CAZymes, candidates for prospective usage in plant biomass-hydrolyzing and biofuels industries. KEY POINTS: • Genome binning plays a crucial role in revealing the metabolic potential of uncultivable microbes. • Assembled 12 novel genomes from cow and buffalo rumen metagenome datasets. • High frequency of plant biomass deconstructing genes identified in Bacteroidetes MAGs.
Collapse
|
2
|
Determination of Various Parameters during Thermal and Biological Pretreatment of Waste Materials. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13092262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment of waste materials could help in more efficient waste management. Various pretreatment methods exist, each one having its own advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, a certain pretreatment technique might be efficient and economical for one feedstock while not for another. Thus, it is important to analyze how parameters change during pretreatment. In this study, two different pretreatment techniques were applied: thermal at lower and higher temperatures (38.6 °C and 80 °C) and biological, using cattle rumen fluid at ruminal temperature (≈38.6 °C). Two different feedstock materials were chosen: sewage sludge and riverbank grass (Typha latifolia), and their combinations (in a ratio of 1:1) were also analyzed. Various parameters were analyzed in the liquid phase before and after pretreatment, and in the gas phase after pretreatment. In the liquid phase, some of the parameters that are relevant to water quality were measured, while in the gas phase composition of biogas was measured. The results showed that most of the parameters significantly changed during pretreatments and that lower temperature thermal and/or biological treatment of grass and sludge is suggested for further applications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Xing BS, Han Y, Wang XC, Wen J, Cao S, Zhang K, Li Q, Yuan H. Persistent action of cow rumen microorganisms in enhancing biodegradation of wheat straw by rumen fermentation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136529. [PMID: 32007902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rumen fermentation is known to be effective for lignocellulosic-wastes biodegradation to certain extent but it is still unclear if there exists a termination of the microorganisms' action to further degrade the bio-refractory fractions. In order to illuminate the related microbiological characteristics, experiments were conducted in a prolonged duration of rumen fermentation of mechanically ruptured wheat straw, with inoculation of cow rumen microorganisms in vitro. Although the organic wastes could not be biodegraded quickly, continuous conversion of the lignocellulosic contents to volatile fatty acids and biogas proceeded in the duration of more than three months, resulting in 96-97% cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition, and 42% lignin decomposition. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy further demonstrated the characteristics of lignocellulosic structure decomposition. Under the actions of cow rumen microorganisms, stable pH was maintained in the fermentation liquid, along with a steady NH4+-N, volatile fatty acids accumulation, and a large buffering ability. It was identified by enzyme analysis and Illumina MiSeq sequencing that the rich core lignocellulolytic enzymes secreted by the abundant and diverse rumen bacteria and fungi contributed to the persistent degradation of lignocellulosic wastes. Members of the Clostridiales order and Basidiomycota phylum were found to be the dominant lignocellulolytic bacteria and fungi, respectively. It could thus be inferred that the main lignocellulose degradation processes were a series of catalytic reactions under the actions of lignocellulolytic enzymes secreted from bacteria and fungi. The dominant hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanomassiliicoccus, Methanobrevibacter, Methanosphaera, and Methanoculleus) in the rumen could also assist CH4 production if the rumen fermentation was followed with anaerobic digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Shan Xing
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yule Han
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Junwei Wen
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Sifan Cao
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kaidi Zhang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Qian Li
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Honglin Yuan
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee CG, Baba Y, Asano R, Fukuda Y, Tada C, Nakai Y. Identification of bacteria involved in the decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass treated with cow rumen fluid by metagenomic analysis. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:137-141. [PMID: 32331776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We had developed a new pretreatment system using cow rumen fluid to improve the methane production from lignocellulosic substrates. However, the pretreatment conditions differ from the in-situ rumen environment, therefore different microbes may be involved in plant cell wall decomposition. In the current study, shotgun metagenomic analysis using MiSeq platform was performed to elucidate the bacteria which produce cellulase and hemicellulase in this pretreatment system. The rumen fluid which contained waste paper pieces (0.1% w/v) were incubated at 37°C during 120 h. The fluid samples were collected from the reactor at each time-point and analyzed for chemical properties. Rumen microbial DNA was extracted from 0-h and 60-h samples and subjected to shotgun-metagenomic analysis. After pretreatment, approximately half of cellulose and hemicellulose contents of the waste paper were decomposed and some volatile fatty acids were accumulated. Clostridia (e.g., Ruminococcus and Clostridium) were the predominant bacteria before and after 60-h pretreatment, and their relative abundance was increased during pretreatment. However, Prevotella and Fibrobacter, one of the most dominant bacteria in-situ rumen fluid, were observed less than 3% before incubation and they were decreased after pretreatment. Genes encoding cellulase and hemicellulase were mainly found in Ruminococcus, Clostridium, and Caldicellulosiruptor. Calicellulosiruptor, which had not been previously identified as the predominant genus in lignocellulose decomposition in in-situ rumen conditions, might be considered as the main fibrolytic bacterium in this system. Thus, this study demonstrated that the composition of fibrolytic bacteria in this system was greatly different from those in the in-situ rumen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chol Gyu Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Baba
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan.
| | - Ryoki Asano
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan.
| | - Chika Tada
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Nakai
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saleem M, Lavagnolo MC, Campanaro S, Squartini A. Dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) for the treatment of landfill leachate; bioreactor's performance and metagenomic insights into microbial community evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:326-335. [PMID: 30195162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of dynamic membranes as a low-cost alternative for conventional membrane for the treatment of landfill leachate (LFL) was investigated in this study. For this purpose a lab-scale, submerged pre-anoxic and post-aerobic bioreactor configuration was used with nylon mesh as dynamic membrane support. The study was conducted at ambient temperature and LFL was fed to the bioreactor in gradually increasing concentration mixed with tap water (from 20% to 100%). The results of this study demonstrated that lower mesh pore size of 52 μm achieved better results in terms of solid-liquid separation performance (turbidity <10 NTU) of the formed dynamic membrane layer as compared to 200 and 85 μm meshes while treating LFL. Consistently high NH4+-N conversion efficiency of more than 98% was achieved under all nitrogen loading conditions, showing effectiveness of the formed dynamic membrane in retaining slow growing nitrifying species. Total nitrogen removal reached more than 90% however, the denitrification activity showed a fluctuating profile and found to be inhibited by elevated concentrations of free nitrous acid and NO2--N at low pH values inside the anoxic bioreactor. A detailed metagenomic analysis allowed a taxonomic investigation over time and revealed the potential biochemical pathways involved in NH4+-N conversion. This study led to the identification of a dynamic system in which nitrite concentration is determined by the contribution of NH4+ oxidizers (Nitrosomonas), and by a competition between nitrite oxidizers (Nitrospira and Nitrobacter) and reducers (Thauera).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mubbshir Saleem
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Lavagnolo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Campanaro
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Squartini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effect of different types of olive oil pomace dietary supplementation on the rumen microbial community profile in Comisana ewes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8455. [PMID: 29855510 PMCID: PMC5981327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive oil pomace (OOP) is a bio-waste rich in highly soluble polyphenols. OOP has been proposed as an additive in ruminant feeding to modulate rumen fermentations. Three groups of ewes were fed the following different diets: a control diet and two diets supplemented with OOP, obtained with a two-phase (OOP2) or three-phase (OOP3) olive milling process. Rumen liquor (RL) showed a higher content of 18:3 cis9 cis12 cis15 (α-linolenic acid, α-LNA) with OOP2 inclusion, and of 18:2 cis9 trans11 (rumenic acid, RA) with OOP3 inclusion. The overall composition of the RL microbiota did not differ among treatments. Significant differences, between control and treated groups, were found for six bacterial taxa. In particular, RL microbiota from animals fed OOPs showed a reduction in Anaerovibrio, a lipase-producing bacterium. The decrease in the Anaerovibrio genus may lead to a reduction in lipolysis, thus lowering the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids available for biohydrogenation. Milk from animals fed OOP showed a higher content of 18:1 cis9 (oleic acid, OA) but the α-LNA concentration was increased in milk from animals treated with OOP2 only. Therefore, inclusion of OOP in ruminant diets may be a tool to ameliorate the nutritional characteristics of milk.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sandri M, Licastro D, Dal Monego S, Sgorlon S, Stefanon B. Investigation of rumen metagenome in Italian Simmental and Italian Holstein cows using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing technique. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1462110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Sandri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandy Sgorlon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Bruno Stefanon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fontana A, Campanaro S, Treu L, Kougias PG, Cappa F, Morelli L, Angelidaki I. Performance and genome-centric metagenomics of thermophilic single and two-stage anaerobic digesters treating cheese wastes. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 134:181-191. [PMID: 29427960 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present research is the first comprehensive study regarding the thermophilic anaerobic degradation of cheese wastewater, which combines the evaluation of different reactor configurations (i.e. single and two-stage continuous stirred tank reactors) on the process efficiency and the in-depth characterization of the microbial community structure using genome-centric metagenomics. Both reactor configurations showed acidification problems under the tested organic loading rates (OLRs) of 3.6 and 2.4 g COD/L-reactor day and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 15 days. However, the two-stage design reached a methane yield equal to 95% of the theoretical value, in contrast with the single stage configuration, which reached a maximum of 33% of the theoretical methane yield. The metagenomic analysis identified 22 new population genomes and revealed that the microbial compositions between the two configurations were remarkably different, demonstrating a higher methanogenic biodiversity in the two-stage configuration. In fact, the acidogenic reactor of the serial configuration was almost solely composed by the lactose degrader Bifidobacterium crudilactis UC0001. The predictive functional analyses of the main population genomes highlighted specific metabolic pathways responsible for the AD process and the mechanisms of main intermediates production. Particularly, the acetate accumulation experienced by the single stage configuration was mainly correlated to the low abundant syntrophic acetate oxidizer Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans UC0018 and to the absence of aceticlastic methanogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fontana
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Laura Treu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Panagiotis G Kougias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Fabrizio Cappa
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ruiz-Sánchez J, Campanaro S, Guivernau M, Fernández B, Prenafeta-Boldú FX. Effect of ammonia on the active microbiome and metagenome from stable full-scale digesters. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:513-522. [PMID: 29197774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Four full-scale anaerobic digesters with a long history of stable operation were characterized in terms of active microbiome and metagenome. Isotopic fractionation of biogas demonstrated that acetotrophy was rather prevalent in reactors operated at <3 gTAN L-1 while hydrogenotrophy was predominant at >6 gTAN L-1, suggesting that syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacteria (SAOB) played a significant role in the latter. These results were generally coherent with the observed active bacterial and archaeal communities but no known SAOB were observed. Metagenome descriptions yielded 73 assembled population genomes, of which only 7 could be assigned at the species level. Gene annotation and association to relevant metabolic pathways indicated that the phyla Chloroflexi and Bacteroidales might encompass new, currently undescribed, SAOB/formate producing species that would metabolize acetate via the glycine cleavage system. The predominant hydrogenotrophic counterpart at a high ammonia content belonged to the genus Methanoculleus, which could also grow on acetate to a certain extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ruiz-Sánchez
- GIRO Joint Research Unit IRTA-UPC, IRTA Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.
| | - S Campanaro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U.Bassi 58/b 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - M Guivernau
- GIRO Joint Research Unit IRTA-UPC, IRTA Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - B Fernández
- GIRO Joint Research Unit IRTA-UPC, IRTA Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - F X Prenafeta-Boldú
- GIRO Joint Research Unit IRTA-UPC, IRTA Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li F, Neves ALA, Ghoshal B, Guan LL. Symposium review: Mining metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data for clues about microbial metabolic functions in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:5605-5618. [PMID: 29274958 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics can capture the whole genome and transcriptome repertoire of microorganisms through sequencing total DNA/RNA from various environmental samples, providing both taxonomic and functional information with high resolution. The unique and complex rumen microbial ecosystem is receiving great research attention because the rumen microbiota coevolves with the host and equips ruminants with the ability to convert cellulosic plant materials to high-protein products for human consumption. To date, hundreds to thousands of microbial phylotypes have been identified in the rumen using culture-independent molecular-based approaches, and genomic information of rumen microorganisms is rapidly accumulating through the single genome sequencing. However, functional characteristics of the rumen microbiome have not been well described because there are numerous uncultivable microorganisms in the rumen. The advent of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics along with advanced bioinformatics methods can help us better understand mechanisms of the rumen fermentation, which is vital for improving nutrient utilization and animal productivity. Therefore, in this review, we summarize a general workflow to conduct rumen metagenomics and metatranscriptomics and discuss how the data can be interpreted to be useful information. Moreover, we review recent literatures studying associations between the rumen microbiome and host phenotypes (e.g., feed efficiency and methane emissions) using these approaches, aiming to provide a useful guide to include studying the rumen microbiome as one of the research objectives using these 2 approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyong Li
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Andre L A Neves
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Bibaswan Ghoshal
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
| |
Collapse
|