1
|
Wang R, Li X, Lv F, He J, Lv R, Wei L. Sesame bacterial wilt significantly alters rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure, function, and metabolites in continuous cropping systems. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127649. [PMID: 38402727 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt is the leading disease of sesame and alters the bacterial community composition, function, and metabolism of sesame rhizosphere soil. However, its pattern of change is unclear. Here, the purpose of this study was to investigate how these communities respond to three differing severities of bacterial wilt in mature continuously cropped sesame plants by metagenomic and metabolomic techniques, namely, absence (WH), moderate (WD5), and severe (WD9) wilt. The results indicated that bacterial wilt could significantly change the bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere soil of continuously cropped sesame plants. The biomarker species with significant differences will also change with increasing disease severity. In particular, the gene expression levels of Ralstonia solanacearum in the WD9 and WD5 treatments increased by 25.29% and 33.61%, respectively, compared to those in the WH treatment (4.35 log10 copies g-1). The occurrence of bacterial wilt significantly altered the functions of the bacterial community in rhizosphere soil. KEEG and CAZy functional annotations revealed that the number of significantly different functions in WH was greater than that in WD5 and WD9. Bacterial wilt significantly affected the relative content of metabolites, especially acids, in the rhizosphere soil, and compared with those in the rhizosphere soil from WH, 10 acids (including S-adenosylmethionine, N-acetylleucine, and desaminotyrosine, etc.) in the rhizosphere soil from WD5 or WD9 significantly increased. In comparison, the changes in the other 10 acids (including hypotaurine, erucic acid, and 6-hydroxynicotinic acid, etc.) were reversed. The occurrence of bacterial wilt also significantly inhibited metabolic pathways such as ABC transporter and amino acid biosynthesis pathways in rhizosphere soil and had a significant impact on two key enzymes (1.1.1.11 and 2.6.1.44). In conclusion, sesame bacterial wilt significantly alters the rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure, function, and metabolites. This study enhances the understanding of sesame bacterial wilt mechanisms and lays the groundwork for future prevention and control strategies against this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Wang
- Soil Fertilizer and Resource Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 602, Nanlian Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330200, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China; National Engineering Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, PR China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment Yichun, PR China.
| | - Xinsheng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330200, PR China
| | - Fengjuan Lv
- Soil Fertilizer and Resource Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 602, Nanlian Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330200, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China; National Engineering Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, PR China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment Yichun, PR China
| | - Junhai He
- Soil Fertilizer and Resource Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 602, Nanlian Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330200, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China; National Engineering Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, PR China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment Yichun, PR China
| | - Rujie Lv
- Soil Fertilizer and Resource Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 602, Nanlian Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330200, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China; National Engineering Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, PR China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment Yichun, PR China
| | - Lingen Wei
- Soil Fertilizer and Resource Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 602, Nanlian Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330200, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China; National Engineering Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, PR China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment Yichun, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cui X, Yuan J, Yang X, Wei C, Bi Y, Sun Q, Meng J, Han X. Biochar application alters soil metabolites and nitrogen cycle-related microorganisms in a soybean continuous cropping system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170522. [PMID: 38309356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Biochar application is a promising practice to enhance soil fertility. However, it is unclear how field-aged biochar affects the soil metabolites and microbial communities in soybean fields. Here, the rhizosphere soil performance after amending with biochar addition rates at 0 (CK), 20 (B20), 40 (B40), and 60 t ha-1 (B60) was examined via a five-year in-situ field experiment based on a soybean continuous cropping system. Untargeted metabolomics and metagenomics analysis techniques were applied to study the regulatory mechanism of biochar on soybean growth from metabolomics and N cycle microbiology perspectives. We found that the contents of soil total N (TN), available N (Ava N), NH4+-N, and NO3--N were significantly increased with biochar addition amounts by 20.0-65.7 %, 3.6-10.7 %, 29.5-57.1 %, and 24.4-46.7 %, respectively. The B20, B40, and B60 triggered 259 (236 were up-regulated and 23 were down-regulated), 236 (220 were up-regulated and 16 were down-regulated), and 299 (264 were up-regulated and 35 were down-regulated) differential metabolites, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and topology analysis demonstrated that differential metabolites were highly enriched in seven metabolic pathways such as Oxidative phosphorylation and Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Moreover, ten differential metabolites were up-regulated in all three treatments with biochar. Biochar treatments decreased the Nitrospira abundance in soybean rhizosphere soil while increasing Bradyrhizobium abundance significantly in B60. Mantel test revealed that as the biochar addition rate grows, the correlation between Nitrospira and soil properties other than NO3--N became stronger. In conclusion, the co-application of biochar with fertilizers is a feasible and effective way to improve soil N supply, even though biochar has undergone field aging. This work offers new insights into the variations in soil metabolites and microbial communities associated with N metabolism processes under biochar addition in soybean continuous cropping soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Liaodong University, Dandong 118001, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Chaoqun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yinghui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaori Han
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sagova-Mareckova M, Omelka M, Kopecky J. The Golden Goal of Soil Management: Disease-Suppressive Soils. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:741-752. [PMID: 36510361 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0324-kd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Disease-suppressive soils encompass specific plant-pathogen-microbial interactions and represent a rare example of an agroecosystem where soil conditions and microbiome together prevent the pathogen from causing disease. Such soils have the potential to serve as a model for characterizing soil pathogen-related aspects of soil health, but the mechanisms driving the establishment of suppressive soils vary and are often poorly characterized. Yet, they can serve as a resource for identifying markers for beneficial activities of soil microorganisms concerning pathogen prevention. Many recent studies have focused on the nature of disease-suppressive soils, but it has remained difficult to predict where and when they will occur. This review outlines current knowledge on the distribution of these soils, soil manipulations leading to pathogen suppression, and markers including bacterial and fungal diversity, enzymes, and secondary metabolites. The importance to consider soil legacy in research on the principles that define suppressive soils is also highlighted. The goal is to extend the context in which we understand, study, and use disease-suppressive soils by evaluating the relationships in which they occur and function. Finally, we suggest that disease-suppressive soils are critical not only for the development of indicators of soil health, but also for the exploration of general ecological principles about the surrounding landscape, effects of deeper layers of the soil profile, little studied soil organisms, and their interactions for future use in modern agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Sagova-Mareckova
- Group Epidemiology and Ecology of Microorganisms, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, Prague 6-Ruzyne, 161 06, Czechia
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Prague-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Marek Omelka
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Charles University, Sokolovska 83, Prague 8, 186 75, Czechia
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Group Epidemiology and Ecology of Microorganisms, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, Prague 6-Ruzyne, 161 06, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borges RM, Gouveia GJ, das Chagas FO. Advances in Microbial NMR Metabolomics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1439:123-147. [PMID: 37843808 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41741-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Confidently, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the most informative technique in analytical chemistry and its use as an analytical platform in metabolomics is well proven. This chapter aims to present NMR as a viable tool for microbial metabolomics discussing its fundamental aspects and applications in metabolomics using some chosen examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moreira Borges
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Jorge Gouveia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Fernanda Oliveira das Chagas
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He Y, Zhu Z, Zhou Z, Lu T, Kumar A, Xia Z. Foliar application of lambda-cyhalothrin modulates root exudate profile and the rhizosphere bacteria community of dioecious Populus cathayana. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120123. [PMID: 36087893 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dioecious plants show sexual differences in resistance traits to abiotic stresses. However, the effects of exogenous pesticide application on female and male plant growth and their associated adaptation mechanisms are unclear. Our study investigated the effects of the broad-spectrum pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-CY) on dioecious Populus cathayana growth and explored the factors through which λ-CY changed the rhizosphere bacterial community and physicochemical soil properties via sex-specific metabolomics. The sequential application of λ-CY significantly suppressed male shoot- and root biomass, with little effect on the growth of females. Females possessed a higher intrinsic chemo-diversity within their root exudates, and their levels of various metabolites (sugars, fatty acids, and small organic acids) increased after exposure to λ-CY with consequences on bacterial community composition. Maintaining high bacterial alpha diversity and recruiting specific bacterial groups slowed down the loss of rhizosphere nutrients in females. In contrast, the reduction in bacterial alpha diversity and network structure stability in males was associated with lower rhizosphere nutrient availability. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that several bacterial groups were positively correlated with the root secretion of lipids and organic acids, suggesting that these metabolites can affect the soil bacterial groups actively involved in the nutrient pool. This study provided novel insights that root exudates and soil microbial interactions may mediate sex-specific differences in response to pesticide application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Zuodong Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Zhenghu Zhou
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Amit Kumar
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Zhichao Xia
- School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee SR, Seyedsayamdost MR. Induction of Diverse Cryptic Fungal Metabolites by Steroids and Channel Blockers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204519. [PMID: 35509119 PMCID: PMC9276648 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungi offer a deep source of natural products but remain underutilized. Most biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that can be detected are silent or "cryptic" in standard lab cultures and their products are thus not interrogated in routine screens. As genetic alterations are difficult and some strains can only be grown on agar, we have herein applied an agar-based high-throughput chemical genetic screen to identify inducers of fungal BGCs. Using R. solani and S. sclerotiorum as test cases, we report 13 cryptic metabolites in four compound groups, including sclerocyclane, a natural product with a novel scaffold. Steroids were the best elicitors and follow-up studies showed that plant-steroids trigger sclerocyclane synthesis, which shows antibiotic activity against B. plantarii, an ecological competitor of S. sclerotiorum. Our results open new paths to exploring the chemical ecology of fungal-plant interactions and provide a genetics-free approach for uncovering cryptic fungal metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Rak Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marie B, Gallet A. Fish metabolome from sub-urban lakes of the Paris area (France) and potential influence of noxious metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134035. [PMID: 35183584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent democratization of high-throughput molecular phenotyping allows the rapid expansion of promising untargeted multi-dimensional approaches (e.g. epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and/or metabolomics). Indeed, these emerging omics tools, processed for ecologically relevant species, may present innovative perspectives for environmental assessments, that could provide early warning of eco(toxico)logical impairments. In a previous pilot study (Sotton et al., Chemosphere 2019), we explore by 1H NMR the bio-indicative potential of metabolomics analyses on the liver of 2 sentinel fish species (Perca fluviatilis and Lepomis gibbosus) collected in 8 water bodies of the peri-urban Paris' area (France). In the present study, we further investigate on the same samples the high potential of high-throughput UHPLC-HRMS/MS analyses. We show that the LC-MS metabolome investigation allows a clear separation of individuals according to the species, but also according to their respective sampling lakes. Interestingly, similar variations of Perca and Lepomis metabolomes occur locally indicating that site-specific environmental constraints drive the metabolome variations which seem to be influenced by the production of noxious molecules by cyanobacterial blooms in certain lakes. Thus, the development of such reliable environmental metabolomics approaches appears to constitute an innovative bio-indicative tool for the assessment of ecological stress, such as toxigenic cyanobacterial blooms, and aim at being further follow up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245, CNRS/MNHN, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), équipe "Cyanobactéries, Cyanotoxines et Environnement", 12 rue Buffon - CP 39, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Alison Gallet
- UMR 7245, CNRS/MNHN, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), équipe "Cyanobactéries, Cyanotoxines et Environnement", 12 rue Buffon - CP 39, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee SR, Seyedsayamdost MR. Induction of Diverse Cryptic Fungal Metabolites by Steroids and Channel Blockers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Rak Lee
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang X, Lai JL, Zhang Y, Luo XG. Reshaping the microenvironment and bacterial community of TNT- and RDX-contaminated soil by combined remediation with vetiver grass (Vetiveria ziznioides) and effective microorganism (EM) flora. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152856. [PMID: 34998745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Explosive pollutants remaining in global soils are serious threats to human health and ecological safety. Soils contaminated by trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) are simulated in this study and remediated using vetiver grass and effective microorganism (EM) flora to determine the efficacy of combined remediation in reshaping the microenvironment and bacterial community of soils contaminated by explosives. The degradation rates of TNT and RDX after 60 days of combined remediation were 95.66% and 84.37%, respectively. Soil microbial activity and enzyme activities related to the nitrogen cycle were upregulated. The content of soil elements in the remediation group changed significantly. Vetiver remediation increased the diversity and significantly changed the structure of the microbial community. Notably, bacteria, such as Sphingomonadaceae and Actinobacteriota, which can degrade explosives, occupied the soil niche, and the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, which are involved in sugar metabolism, showed particularly increased abundance. The metabolism of soil carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids was upregulated in the vetiver, EM flora, and combined vetiver+EM flora remediation groups, and the most significantly upregulated pathway was galactose metabolism. The combined vetiver and EM flora treatment of soil contaminated by explosives greatly improved the ecology of the soil microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jin-Long Lai
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mishra S, Priyanka, Sharma S. Metabolomic Insights Into Endophyte-Derived Bioactive Compounds. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835931. [PMID: 35308367 PMCID: PMC8926391 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various plant-associated microbiota, endophytes (the microbial communities inhabiting plant endosphere without causing disease symptoms) exhibit the most intimate and specific association with host plants. Endophytic microbes influence various aspects of plant responses (such as increasing availability of nutrients, tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses, etc.) by modulating the primary and secondary metabolism of the host. Besides, endophytic microbes produce a diverse array of bioactive compounds, which have potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Further, there is sufficient evidence for endophyte-derived plant metabolites, which could be pursued as alternative sources of commercially important plant metabolites. The field of bioprospecting, the discovery of novel chemistries, and endophyte-mediated production of plant metabolites have witnessed a boom with the advent of omics technologies (especially metabolomics) in endophyte research. The high throughput study of small metabolites at a particular timepoint or tissue forms the core of metabolomics. Being downstream to transcriptome and proteome, the metabolome provides the most direct reflection of the phenotype of an organism. The contribution of plant and microbial metabolomics for answering fundamental questions of plant-endophyte interaction, such as the effect of endophyte inoculation on plant metabolome, composition of metabolites on the impact of environmental stressors (biotic and abiotic), etc., have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Mishra
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Deemed-to-be-University, Agra, India
| | - Priyanka
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu Y, Zhao W, Li X, Feng J, Li C, Yang X, Guo Q, Wang L, Chen S, Li Y, Yang Y. Integrated biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt by antagonistic bacteria and marigold. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16360. [PMID: 34381095 PMCID: PMC8357815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco bacterial wilt (TBW) is seriously damages the growth of tobacco. There is an urgent need to find a safer and more effective measure to control TBW. In this study, B. amyloliquefaciens ZM9 and marigold powder were applied to the tobacco roots alone or in combination, and the potential inhibition of TBW was assessed. On the other hand, the effects of these treatments on soil physicochemical properties, rhizosphere microbial community and soil metabolites were also evaluated. The results showed that the application of B. amyloliquefaciens ZM9 or marigold powder alone significantly reduced the abundance of R. solanacearum in rhizosphere soil, while the integrated treatment showed the strongest inhibitory effect. Moreover, the integrated treatment can inhibit the secretion of chemoattractants, and affect the change of rhizosphere soil microbial composition. In conclusion, the combination of antagonistic bacteria agent B. amyloliquefaciens ZM9 with marigold powder can enhance the suppression of TBW. Furthermore, B. amyloliquefaciens ZM9 and marigold have synergistic effects on suppressing TBW by regulation soil physicochemical properties, soil metabolites and microbial structure. This study provide a promising strategy for TBW control by integrated applying of B. amyloliquefaciens ZM9 and marigold powder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ji Feng
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chunli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Qingqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Hubei Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430040, China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
How does organic farming shape the soil- and plant-associated microbiota? Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Maurya S, Abraham JS, Somasundaram S, Toteja R, Gupta R, Makhija S. Indicators for assessment of soil quality: a mini-review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:604. [PMID: 32857216 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil quality is the competence of soil to perform necessary functions that are able to maintain animal and plant productivity of the soil. Soil consists of various physical, chemical, and biological parameters, and all these parameters are involved in the critical functioning of soil. There is a need for continuous assessment of soil quality as soil is a complex and dynamic constituent of Earth's biosphere that is continuously changing by natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Any perturbations in the soil cause disturbances in the physical (soil texture, bulk density, etc.), chemical (pH, salinity, organic carbon, etc.), and biological (microbes and enzymes) parameters. These physical, chemical, and biological parameters can serve as indicators for soil quality assessment. However, soil quality assessment cannot be possible by evaluating only one parameter out of physical, chemical, or biological. So, there is an emergent need to establish a minimum dataset (MDS) which shall include physical, chemical, and biological parameters to assess the quality of the given soil. This review attempts to describe various physical, chemical, and biological parameters, combinations of which can be used in the establishment of MDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Maurya
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Jeeva Susan Abraham
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Sripoorna Somasundaram
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Ravi Toteja
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Bapu dham, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Seema Makhija
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Song C, Zhu F, Carrión VJ, Cordovez V. Beyond Plant Microbiome Composition: Exploiting Microbial Functions and Plant Traits via Integrated Approaches. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:896. [PMID: 32850744 PMCID: PMC7426627 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants recruit specific microorganisms to live inside and outside their roots that provide essential functions for plant growth and health. The study of the microbial communities living in close association with plants helps in understanding the mechanisms involved in these beneficial interactions. Currently, most of the research in this field has been focusing on the description of the taxonomic composition of the microbiome. Therefore, a focus on the plant-associated microbiome functions is pivotal for the development of novel agricultural practices which, in turn, will increase plant fitness. Recent advances in microbiome research using model plant species started to shed light on the functions of specific microorganisms and the underlying mechanisms of plant–microbial interaction. Here, we review (1) microbiome-mediated functions associated with plant growth and protection, (2) insights from native and agricultural habitats that can be used to improve soil health and crop productivity, (3) current -omics and new approaches for studying the plant microbiome, and (4) challenges and future perspectives for exploiting the plant microbiome for beneficial outcomes. We posit that integrated approaches will help in translating fundamental knowledge into agricultural practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxu Song
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Víctor J Carrión
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Viviane Cordovez
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Topalović O, Hussain M, Heuer H. Plants and Associated Soil Microbiota Cooperatively Suppress Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32184773 PMCID: PMC7058703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease suppressive soils with specific suppression of soil-borne pathogens and parasites have been long studied and are most often of microbiological origin. As for the plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), which represent a huge threat to agricultural crops and which successfully defy many conventional control methods, soil progression from conducive to suppressive state is accompanied by the enrichment of specific antagonistic microbial consortia. However, a few microbial groups have come to the fore in diminishing PPN in disease suppressive soils using culture-dependent methods. Studies with cultured strains resulted in understanding the mechanisms by which nematodes are antagonized by microorganisms. Recent culture-independent studies on the microbiome associated with soil, plant roots, and PPN contributed to a better understanding of the functional potential of disease suppressive microbial cohort. Plant root exudation is an important pathway determining host-microbe communication and plays a key role in selection and enrichment of a specific set of microbial antagonists in the rhizosphere as first line of defense against crop pathogens or parasites. Root exudates comprising primary metabolites such as amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and secondary metabolites can also cause modifications in the nematode surface and subsequently affect microbial attachment. A positive interaction between hosts and their beneficial root microbiota is correlated with a low nematode performance on the host. In this review, we first summarized the historical records of nematode-suppressive soils and then focused on more recent studies in this aspect, emphasizing the advances in studying nematode-microbe interactions over time. We highlighted nematode biocontrol mechanisms, especially parasitism, induced systemic resistance, and volatile organic compounds using microbial consortia, or bacterial strains of the genera Pasteuria, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, and Variovorax, or fungal isolates of Pochonia, Dactylella, Nematophthora, Purpureocillium, Trichoderma, Hirsutella, Arthrobotrys, and Mortierella. We discussed the importance of root exudates in plant communication with PPN and soil microorganisms, emphasizing their role in microbial attachment to the nematode surface and subsequent events of nematode parasitism. Comprehensive understanding of the plant-beneficial microbial consortia and the mechanisms underlying disease suppression may help to develop synthetic microbial communities for biocontrol of PPN, thereby reducing nematicides and fertilizers inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Topalović
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, China
| | - Holger Heuer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Razzaq A, Sadia B, Raza A, Khalid Hameed M, Saleem F. Metabolomics: A Way Forward for Crop Improvement. Metabolites 2019; 9:E303. [PMID: 31847393 PMCID: PMC6969922 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9120303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is an emerging branch of "omics" and it involves identification and quantification of metabolites and chemical footprints of cellular regulatory processes in different biological species. The metabolome is the total metabolite pool in an organism, which can be measured to characterize genetic or environmental variations. Metabolomics plays a significant role in exploring environment-gene interactions, mutant characterization, phenotyping, identification of biomarkers, and drug discovery. Metabolomics is a promising approach to decipher various metabolic networks that are linked with biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In this context, metabolomics-assisted breeding enables efficient screening for yield and stress tolerance of crops at the metabolic level. Advanced metabolomics analytical tools, like non-destructive nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), liquid chromatography mass-spectroscopy (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and direct flow injection (DFI) mass spectrometry, have sped up metabolic profiling. Presently, integrating metabolomics with post-genomics tools has enabled efficient dissection of genetic and phenotypic association in crop plants. This review provides insight into the state-of-the-art plant metabolomics tools for crop improvement. Here, we describe the workflow of plant metabolomics research focusing on the elucidation of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms in plants. Furthermore, the potential of metabolomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement and its future applications in speed breeding are also discussed. Mention has also been made of possible bottlenecks and future prospects of plant metabolomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Razzaq
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Bushra Sadia
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Ali Raza
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Muhammad Khalid Hameed
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Fozia Saleem
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (A.R.); (B.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen F, Ma R, Chen XL. Advances of Metabolomics in Fungal Pathogen-Plant Interactions. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9080169. [PMID: 31443304 PMCID: PMC6724083 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9080169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant disease caused by fungus is one of the major threats to global food security, and understanding fungus-plant interactions is important for plant disease control. Research devoted to revealing the mechanisms of fungal pathogen-plant interactions has been conducted using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Metabolomics research based on mass spectrometric techniques is an important part of systems biology. In the past decade, the emerging field of metabolomics in plant pathogenic fungi has received wide attention. It not only provides a qualitative and quantitative approach for determining the pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi but also helps to elucidate the defense mechanisms of their host plants. This review focuses on the methods and progress of metabolomics research in fungal pathogen-plant interactions. In addition, the prospects and challenges of metabolomics research in plant pathogenic fungi and their hosts are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ruijing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
NMR Based Metabolomic Analysis of Health Promoting Phytochemicals in Lentils. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9080168. [PMID: 31412621 PMCID: PMC6724105 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9080168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentils are a high-protein plant food and a valuable source of human nutrition, particularly in the Indian subcontinent. However, beyond sustenance, there is evidence that the consumption of lentils (and legumes in general) is associated with decreased risk of diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Lentils contain health-promoting phytochemicals, such as trigonelline and various polyphenolics. Fourteen lentil genotypes were grown at three locations to explore the variation in phytochemical composition in hulls and cotyledons. Significant differences were measured between genotypes and environments, with some genotypes more affected by environment than others. However, there was a strong genetic effect which indicated that future breeding programs could breed for lentils that product more of these health-promoting phytochemicals.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hao R, Du X, Yang C, Deng Y, Zheng Z, Wang Q. Integrated application of transcriptomics and metabolomics provides insights into unsynchronized growth in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:46-56. [PMID: 30784822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Similar to other marine bivalves, Pinctada fucata martensii presents unsynchronized growth, which is one of the problems farmers currently face. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been studied. In the present study, pearl oyster P. f. martensii from cultured stocks were selected to produce a progeny stock. At 180 days, the stock was sorted by size, and fast- and slow-growing individuals were separately sampled. Then, metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches were applied to assess the metabolic and transcript changes between the fast- and slow-growing P. f. martensii groups and understand the mechanism underlying their unsynchronized growth. In the metabolomics assay, 30 metabolites were considered significantly different metabolites (SDMs) between the fast- and slow-growing groups and pathway analysis indicated that these SDMs were involved in 20 pathways, including glutathione metabolism; sulfur metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; and tryptophan metabolism. The transcriptome analysis of different growth groups showed 168 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were involved in extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, pentose phosphate pathway, aromatic compound degradation. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that fast-growing individuals exhibited higher biomineralization activity than the slow-growing group, which consumed more energy than the fast-growing group in response to environmental stress. Fast-growing group also exhibited higher digestion, anabolic ability, and osmotic regulation ability than the slow-growing group. This study is the first work involving the integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to identify the key pathways to understand the molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying unsynchronized bivalve growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Hao
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chuangye Yang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Qingheng Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang L, Li Y, Su F, Li H. A study of the microbial metabolomics analysis of subsurface wastewater infiltration system. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39674-39683. [PMID: 35541424 PMCID: PMC9076178 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05290a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial action in SWIS is one of the main ways to remove contaminants. Studying the metabolic processes and pathways of microorganisms is helpful to reveal the mechanism of pollutant removal in the “black box” process of SWIS. In this study, based on metabolomics and UPLC-MS, partial least squares (PLS-DA), principal component analysis (PCA) pattern recognition and cluster analysis were used to classify the microbial samples. According to the model's variable importance factor (VIP value) being greater than 1.5, a total of 53 potential biomarkers were screened out. There was a significant correlation between the microbial metabolites and soil profile. Most microbial metabolites were concentrated in the H2 layer (subsurface layer of SWIS), while there were relatively few in the H4 and H6 layers (middle and lower layers of SWIS); organic acids and alcohol metabolites mainly existed in the anoxic environment (H4 layer); antibiotics, growth hormones and pigments and other small molecule metabolites mainly existed under anaerobic conditions (H6 layer). The results of RDA analysis indicated that environmental factors had an effect on the microbial metabolites. With the variation of different height profiles, the metabolites were significantly affected by ORP and NO3−, which were negatively correlated. The above conclusions indicated that metabolomics is a reliable, accurate and effective method to quantitatively characterize the stability of SWIS. Microbial action in SWIS is one of the main ways to remove contaminants.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
| | - Yinghua Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
| | - Fei Su
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
| |
Collapse
|