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Rullander G, Lorenz C, Strömvall AM, Vollertsen J, Dalahmeh SS. Bark and biochar in horizontal flow filters effectively remove microplastics from stormwater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124335. [PMID: 38848957 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Organic materials such as bark and biochar can be effective filter materials to treat stormwater. However, the efficiency of such filters in retaining microplastics (MPs) - an emerging stormwater pollutant - has not been sufficiently studied. This study investigated the removal and transport of a mixture of MPs commonly associated with stormwater. Different MP types (polyamide, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene) were mixed into the initial 2 cm material of horizontal bark and biochar filters of 25, 50, and 100 cm lengths. The MP types consisted of spherical and fragmented shapes in size ranges of 25-900 μm. The filters were subjected to a water flow of 5 mL/min for one week, and the total effluents were analyzed for MPs by μFTIR imaging. To gain a deeper insight, one 100 cm bark filter replica was split into 10 cm segments, and MPs in each segment were extracted and counted. The results showed that MPs were retained effectively, >97%, in all biochar and bark filters. However, MPs were detected in all effluents regardless of filter length. Effluent concentrations of 5-750 MP/L and 35-355 MP/L were measured in bark and biochar effluents, respectively, with >91% of the MP counts consisting of small-sized (25 μm) polyamide spherical particles. Combining all data, a decrease in average MP concentration was noticed with longer filters, likely attributed to channeling in a 25 and 50-cm filter. The analyses of MPs in the bark media revealed that most MPs were retained in the 0-10 cm segment but that some MPs were transported further, with 19% of polyamide retained in the 80-90 cm segment. Overall, this study shows promising results for bark and biochar filters to retain MPs, while highlighting the importance of systematic packing of filters to reduce MP emissions to the environment from polluted stormwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Rullander
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36, Sweden.
| | - Claudia Lorenz
- Environmental Dynamics, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 11.2 DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ann-Margret Strömvall
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jes Vollertsen
- Aalborg University, Department of The Built Environment, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Sahar S Dalahmeh
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36, Sweden
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Johansson G, Fedje KK, Modin O, Haeger-Eugensson M, Uhl W, Andersson-Sköld Y, Strömvall AM. Removal and release of microplastics and other environmental pollutants during the start-up of bioretention filters treating stormwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133532. [PMID: 38387172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Untreated stormwater is a major source of microplastics, organic pollutants, metals, and nutrients in urban water courses. The aim of this study was to improve the knowledge about the start-up periods of bioretention filters. A rain garden pilot facility with 13 bioretention filters was constructed and stormwater from a highway and adjacent impervious surfaces was used for irrigation for ∼12 weeks. Selected plants (Armeria maritima, Hippophae rhamnoides, Juncus effusus, and Festuca rubra) was planted in ten filters. Stormwater percolated through the filters containing waste-to-energy bottom ash, biochar, or Sphagnum peat, mixed with sandy loam. Influent and effluent samples were taken to evaluate removal of the above-mentioned pollutants. All filters efficiently removed microplastics >10 µm, organic pollutants, and most metals. Copper leached from all filters initially but was significantly reduced in the biochar filters at the end of the period, while the other filters showed a declining trend. All filters leached nutrients initially, but concentrations decreased over time, and the biochar filters had efficiently reduced nitrogen after a few weeks. To conclude, all the filters effectively removed pollutants during the start-up period. Before being recommended for full-scale applications, the functionality of the filters after a longer period of operation should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Johansson
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Karin Karlfeldt Fedje
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Recycling and Waste Management, Renova AB, Box 156, Gothenburg SE-40122, Sweden
| | - Oskar Modin
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Wolfgang Uhl
- Aquateam COWI AS, Karvesvingen 2, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yvonne Andersson-Sköld
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Linköping (VTI), Box 8072, SE-40278 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Margret Strömvall
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fahim R, Cheng L, Mishra S. Structural and functional perspectives of carbon filter media in constructed wetlands for pollutants abatement from wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140514. [PMID: 37879377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) represent the most viable artificial wastewater treatment system that works on the principles of natural wetlands. Filter media are integrally linked to CWs and have substantial impacts on their performance for pollutant removal. Carbon-derived substrates have been in the spotlight for decades due to their abundance, sustainability, reusability, and potential to treat complex contaminants. However, the efficiency and feasibility of carbon substrates have not been fully explored, and there are only a few studies that have rigorously analyzed their performance for wastewater treatment. This critical synthesis of the literature review offers comprehensive insights into the utilization of carbon-derived substrates in the context of pollutant removal, intending to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of CWs. It also compares several carbon-based substrates with non-carbon substrates with respect to physiochemical properties, pollutant removal efficiency, and cost-benefit analysis. Furthermore, it addresses the concerns and possible remedies about carbon filtration materials such as configuration, clogging minimization, modification, and reusability to improve the efficacy of substrates and CWs. Recommendations made to address these challenges include pretreatment of wastewater, use of a substrate with smaller pore size, incorporation of multiple filter media, the introduction of earthworms, and cultivation of plants. A current scientific scenario has been presented for identifying the research gaps to investigate the functional mechanisms of modified carbon substrates and their interaction with other CW components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raana Fahim
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Liu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Saurabh Mishra
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Furén R, Flanagan K, Winston RJ, Tirpak RA, Dorsey JD, Viklander M, Blecken GT. Occurrence, concentration, and distribution of 38 organic micropollutants in the filter material of 12 stormwater bioretention facilities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157372. [PMID: 35850337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of bioretention facilities as a low impact development measure for treating stormwater runoff underscores the need to further understand their long-term function. Eventually, bioretention filter media must be (partly) replaced and disposed of at the end of its functional lifespan. While there are several studies of metal accumulation and distributions in bioretention media, less is known about organic pollutant pathways and accumulation in these filters. The present study considers the occurrence and accumulation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 polychlorinated biphenyls, 13 phthalates, and two alkylphenols throughout 12 older bioretention facilities (7-13 years old) used for stormwater treatment in Michigan and Ohio, USA. These pollutant groups appear to behave similarly, with greater instances of detection and higher concentrations in the upper media layers which decrease with increased depth from the surface. The patterns of detection and concentration in the filter material may be explained by characteristics of the pollutants, such as molecular structures and solubility that affect the removal of the organic pollutants by the filter material. There is also a large variation in concentration magnitudes between the bioretention sites, most likely due to differences in pollutant sources, contributing catchment size and/or land uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Furén
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden; NCC Sverige AB, Department of Research & Innovation, 170 80 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Kelsey Flanagan
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ryan J Winston
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - R Andrew Tirpak
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jay D Dorsey
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maria Viklander
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Godecke-Tobias Blecken
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
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Bobde P, Patel RK, Panchal D, Sharma A, Sharma AK, Dhodapkar RS, Pal S. Utilization of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their derivatives as photocatalysts for degradation of organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59551-59569. [PMID: 34508320 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct or indirect discharge of wastes containing organic pollutants have contributed to the environmental pollution globally. Decontamination of highly polluted natural resources such as water using an effective treatment is a great challenge for public health and environmental protection. Photodegradation of organic pollutants using efficient photocatalyst has attracted extensive interest due to their stability, effectiveness towards degradation efficiency, energy, and cost efficiency. Among various photocatalysts, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their derivatives have shown great potential towards photodegradation of organic pollutants. Herein, we review the mechanism, key factors, and performance of LDHs and their derivatives for the photodegradation of organic pollutants. LDH-based photocatalysts are classified into three different categories namely unmodified LDHs, modified LDHs, and calcined LDHs. Each LDH category is reviewed separately in terms of their photodegradation efficiency and kinetics of degradation. In addition, the effect of photocatalyst dose, pH, and initial concentration of pollutant as well as photocatalytic mechanisms are also summarized. Lastly, the stability and reusability of different photocatalysts are discussed. Challenges related to modeling the LDHs and its derivatives are addressed in order to improve their functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Bobde
- Department of Research & Development, Energy Acres Building, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Patel
- Incubation, Energy Acres Building, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Deepak Panchal
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sharma
- Centre for Alternate Energy Research, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Rita S Dhodapkar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Director's Research Cell, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India
| | - Sukdeb Pal
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Hammer L, Palmowski L. Fate of selected organic micropollutants during anaerobic sludge digestion. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1910-1924. [PMID: 34196072 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants are incompletely removed from wastewater in Water Resource Recovery Facilities using conventional methods and can therefore enter the anaerobic sludge treatment together with primary and secondary sludge. This review compiles literature data on the fate of selected micropollutants (Carbamazepine [CBZ], Diclofenac [DCF], Ibuprofen [IBP], Sulfamethoxazole [SMX], and Triclosan [TCS]) during anaerobic sludge treatment and how the fate is affected by chemical properties, phase distribution and operating conditions. CBZ was found to be persistent to anaerobic degradation in most studies, with some exceptions reporting a degradation efficiency of 60%. Removal efficiencies for DCF, IBP, and TCS varied widely (from no to [very] high removal). For SMX, most studies reported a removal above 80%. A correlation was found between the fate during anaerobic digestion and physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity and molecular structure). Sorption to sludge, affected in some cases by pH changes during digestion, is suggested to reduce bioavailability. IBP and TCS were mainly present in the liquid phase or solid phase, respectively, CBZ and DCF were present in similar proportions in both phases, while statements were contradictory for SMX. Parameters such as temperature and sludge age did not significantly influence the fate of investigated micropollutants during anaerobic digestion. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Most studies report no significant removal of CBZ during anaerobic sludge digestion. Removal efficiencies of DCF, IBP, and TCS vary from study to study between no removal and high or very high removal. Considering such heterogeneous removal efficiencies, it is recommended to conduct digestion trials to find out in which range the values will be for a specific sludge. SMX is very highly removed during anaerobic digestion in most studies. Parameters such as temperature and SRT do not significantly influence the fate of the five investigated micropollutants. Hydrophobicity, which has some effect on the liquid/solid phase distribution of micropollutants, and molecular structure influence the removal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisann Hammer
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laurence Palmowski
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Martins LS, Zanini NC, Botelho ALS, Mulinari DR. Envelopes with microplastics generated from recycled plastic bags for crude oil sorption. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelle C. Zanini
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS) Federal University of ABC (UFABC) Santo André São Paulo Brazil
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Wu M, Du M, Wu G, Lu F, Li J, Lei A, Zhu H, Hu Z, Wang J. Water reuse and growth inhibition mechanisms for cultivation of microalga Euglena gracilis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:132. [PMID: 34090512 PMCID: PMC8180174 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae can contribute to more than 40% of global primary biomass production and are suitable candidates for various biotechnology applications such as food, feed products, drugs, fuels, and wastewater treatment. However, the primary limitation for large-scale algae production is the fact that algae requires large amounts of fresh water for cultivation. To address this issue, scientists around the world are working on ways to reuse the water to grow microalgae so that it can be grown in successive cycles without the need for fresh water. RESULTS In this study, we present the results when we cultivate microalgae with cultivation water that is purified and reused. Specifically, we purify the cultivation water using an ultrafiltration membrane (UFM) treatment and investigate how this treatment affects: the biomass and biochemical components of the microalgae; characteristics of microalgae growth inhibitors; the mechanism whereby potential growth inhibitors are secreted (followed using metabolomics analysis); the effect of activated carbon (AC) treatment and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on the removal of growth inhibitors of Euglena gracilis. Firstly, the results show that E. gracilis can be only cultivated through two growth cycles with water that has been filtered and reused, and the growth of E. gracilis is significantly inhibited when the water is used a third time. Secondly, as the number of reused water cycles increases, the Cl- concentration gradually increases in the cultivation water. When the Cl- concentration accumulates to a level of fivefold higher than that of the control, growth of E. gracilis is inhibited as the osmolality tolerance range is exceeded. Interestingly, the osmolality of the reused water can be reduced by replacing NH4Cl with urea as the source of nitrogen in the cultivation water. Thirdly, E. gracilis secretes humic acid (HA)-which is produced by the metabolic pathways for valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis and by linoleic acid metabolism-into the cultivation water. Because HA contains large fluorescent functional groups, specifically extended π(pi)-systems containing C=C and C=O groups and aromatic rings, we were able to observe a positive correlation between HA concentration and the rate of inhibition of E. gracilis growth using fluorescence spectroscopy. Moreover, photosynthetic efficiency is adversely interfered by HA, thereby reductions in the synthetic efficiency of paramylon and lipid in E. gracilis. In this way, we are able to confirm that HA is the main growth inhibitor of E. gracilis. Finally, we verify that all the HA is removed or converted into nutrients efficiently by AC or UV/H2O2/O3 treatments, respectively. As a result of these treatments, growth of E. gracilis is restored (AC treatment) and the amount of biomass is promoted (UV/H2O2/O3 treatment). CONCLUSIONS These studies have important practical and theoretical significance for the cyclic cultivation of E. gracilis and for saving water resources. Our work may also provide a useful reference for other microalgae cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, China
| | - Ming Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Guimei Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Feimiao Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Anping Lei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Hui Zhu
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Bork M, Lange J, Graf-Rosenfellner M, Hensen B, Olsson O, Hartung T, Fernández-Pascual E, Lang F. Urban storm water infiltration systems are not reliable sinks for biocides: evidence from column experiments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7242. [PMID: 33790334 PMCID: PMC8012575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater quality in urban catchments is endangered by the input of biocides, such as those used in facade paints to suppress algae and fungal growth and washed off by heavy rainfall. Their retention in storm water infiltration systems (SIS) depends, in addition to their molecular properties, on chemical properties and structure of the integrated soil layer. These soil properties change over time and thus possibly also the relevance of preferential flow paths, e.g. due to ongoing biological activity. To investigate the mobility of biocides in SIS, we analyzed the breakthrough of differently adsorbing tracers (bromide, uranine, sulforhodamine B) and commonly used biocides (diuron, terbutryn, octhilinone) in laboratory column experiments of undisturbed soil cores of SIS, covering ages from 3 to 18 years. Despite similar soil texture and chemical soil properties, retention of tracers and biocides differed distinctly between SIS. Tracer and biocide breakthrough ranged from 54% and 5%, to 96% and 54%, respectively. We related the reduced solute retention to preferential transport in macropores as could be confirmed by brilliant blue staining. Our results suggest an increasing risk of groundwater pollution with increasing number of macropores related to biological activity and the age of SIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bork
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany. .,Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Lange
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graf-Rosenfellner
- Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birte Hensen
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lünbeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lünbeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Fernández-Pascual
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lünbeburg, Germany.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Friederike Lang
- Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
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