1
|
Chen WS, Hsu MC. Ultrasound-Assisted Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene in Industrial Wastewater Using Persulfate Coupled with Semiconductors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114351. [PMID: 37298827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluenes in aqueous solution was executed using persulfate combined with semiconductors motivated by ultrasound (probe type, 20 kHz). Batch-mode experiments were performed to elucidate the effects of diverse operation variables on the sono-catalytic performance, including the ultrasonic power intensity, dosage of persulfate anions, and semiconductors. Owing to pronounced scavenging behaviors caused by benzene, ethanol, and methanol, the chief oxidants were presumed to be sulfate radicals which originated from persulfate anions, motivated via either the ultrasound or sono-catalysis of semiconductors. With regard to semiconductors, the increment of 2,4-dinitrotoluene removal efficiency was inversely proportional to the band gap energy of semiconductors. Based on the outcomes indicated in a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, it was sensibly postulated that the preliminary step for 2,4-dinitrotoluene removal was denitrated into o-mononitrotoluene or p-mononitrotoluene, followed by decarboxylation to nitrobenzene. Subsequently, nitrobenzene was decomposed to hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals and converted into 2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, and 4-nitrophenol individually. Nitrophenol compounds with the cleavage of nitro groups synthesized phenol, which was sequentially transformed into hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Shen J, Sun Z, Zhang W, Ma F, Gu Q. Insights into the impacts of chloride ions on the oxidation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene using ferrous activated persulfate: Removal efficiency, reaction mechanism, transformation pathway, and toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137887. [PMID: 36657571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate/Fe2+-based advanced oxidation processes are widely used to treat water contaminated with 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). However, the oxidation of DNT by persulfate/Fe2+ in the presence of the chloride ion (Cl⁻) has not been addressed, and the transformation pathways and toxicities of the intermediate products remain unclear. In this study, the effect of different Cl⁻ concentrations on the oxidation of DNT was investigated by persulfate/Fe2+. After the addition of 1.0 mM Cl⁻ and 6 h of oxidation, the removal efficiency of DNT increased by 68.5%. Scavenging experiments and an electron spin resonance analysis suggested that Cl⁻ caused hydroxyl radicals to increase in content in the persulfate/Fe2+ system, thus promoting the removal of DNT. Eight intermediate products of DNT were accurately detected using high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the transformation pathways of DNT were proposed, including hydroxylation/oxidation, elimination of the nitro group, and chlorination process. The acute and chronic toxicities of the intermediate products decreased during the oxidation process, but chlorinated by-products posed a higher toxicological risk. This result is vital for the practical application and environmental safety evaluation of persulfate/Fe2+-based advanced oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jialun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zongquan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Qingbao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu X, Wan S, Xia F, Han X, Deng S, Xiao H, Jiang Y, Liu H, Yang Y. Preparation and properties of the persulfate gel materials and application for the remediation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene contaminated groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157023. [PMID: 35772545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop persulfate new gel sustaining-release material (PGSR) and gelatin-gel sustaining-release material (G-PGSR) that can be injected into aquifers and slowly release S2O82- to groundwater. Compatibility and miscibility of colloidal silica gels and gelatin with S2O82- were tested. Morphologies of the as-prepared PGSR and G-PGSR were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Release characteristics of PGSR containing variable persulfate concentrations (from 1.25 wt% to 5 wt%), silica sol (from 30 wt% to 40 wt%), and gelatin (from 0.5 wt% to 2.0 wt%) were monitored. Viscosities of PGSR solution increased from 5 to 112 cP with increasing silica sol from 30 wt% to 40 wt% during the first 10 min. Viscosities of PGSR solution in 40 wt% silica sol increased to 346 cP within the 30 min and rapidly increased to 8000 cP within the next 30 min followed by the gelation phase. Gelation rates of the PGSR solution increased with increased persulfate concentrations from 1.25 wt% to 5.0 wt%. The maximum release rates achieved at 5 h in G-PGSR were 1.98 mg of S2O82- per min similar to that in PGSR. The release persulfate concentrations in G-PGSR suggested that gelatin and colloidal silica were both compatible and miscible with S2O82-. Meanwhile, the PGSR exhibits a characteristic two-phase increase in viscosity with increased silica sol concentrations, persulfate concentrations, and gelatin concentrations. Compared with the persulfate only system, the degradation efficiency of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) was achieved 91.5 % within 3 h, while 78.6 % and 66.9 % degradation efficiency were shown in PGSR and G-PGSR, respectively. The PGSR and G-PGSR both could create persistent oxidation degradation of 2,4-DNT. Results suggested that colloidal silica and gelatin could be used to create PGSR and G-PGSR for persistent oxidation in groundwater remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Shuoyang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Fu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Sheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Yonghai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang YC, Chen KF, Chen TY, Chen HH, Chen WY, Mao YC. Development of novel persulfate tablets for passive trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated groundwater remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133906. [PMID: 35143855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a biodegradable binder, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), was used for the first time to mix with persulfate powder for developing novel persulfate-releasing tablets to remediate trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated groundwater. To obtain feasible parameters for the preparation of persulfate tablets, different pressures, HPMC/tablet mass ratios, and persulfate dosages were evaluated. The results showed that the persulfate tablet released 2868 mg-persulfate/day for 12 days under the optimal manufacturing parameters of HPMC/tablet mass ratio of 0.5 and pressure of 4.90 × 108 N/m2. Persulfate diffusion and gel layer erosion were dominant mechanisms for controlling the persulfate released in water. The persulfate release time and rate can be controlled by adjusting the persulfate dosage at the optimal HPMC/tablet ratio. In the column experiment, TCE with an initial concentration of 70 mg/L reached 55% removal efficiency by the tablet, which showed that the developed tablet was capable of degrading highly concentrated TCE. The results of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy showed that both SO4-· and ·OH were responsible for the oxidation of TCE. During 150 days of incubation, the biodegrading efficiency of HPMC by microbes in soil and activated sludge was 67% and 80%, respectively, under aerobic conditions, while 58% of HPMC was removed by soil bacteria under anaerobic conditions. The results showed that persulfate tablets could be used as a passive groundwater remediation system. There is no waste generated after persulfate is completely released during groundwater remediation. The developed persulfate tablets are environmentally friendly and meet the green remediation aspect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 545301, Taiwan
| | - Ku-Fan Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 545301, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Department of Landscape Architecture, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiping, Taichung, 411030, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 545301, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 545301, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Mao
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 545301, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Electrochemical degradation of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) from aqueous solutions using three-dimensional electrocatalytic reactor (3DER): Degradation pathway, evaluation of toxicity and optimization using RSM-CCD. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
6
|
Li X, Jia Y, Qin Y, Zhou M, Sun J. Iron-carbon microelectrolysis for wastewater remediation: Preparation, performance and interaction mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130483. [PMID: 34126692 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization and urbanization have produced a lot of hazardous substances in water and wastewater, which has turned into a crucial issue to the environment and the public health. Recently, iron carbon microelectrolysis (IC-ME) has attracted extensive attention in environmental remediation due to its low costs and excellent performance. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of a more systematic review on IC-ME preparation methods, their performance, and the interaction mechanisms of IC-ME in the remediation of wastewater. Herein, this work summarizes the synthetic methods, application of IC-ME materials, and the mechanism of pollutant removal by IC-ME. A variety approaches have been applied to prepare IC-ME materials, and the preparation methods and conditions have a certain influence on the properties of IC-ME materials, thus affecting the performance of pollutant removal. The mechanisms of IC-ME for contaminants removal are very complex, including adsorption, coprecipitation, reduction, surface complexation, and oxidation. Moreover, research vacant fields and problems that existed in the application of IC-ME are proposed. At last, the problems to be addressed to adapt IC to future applications are introduced. This paper reviews and prospects IC-ME wastewater remediation technology, which provides a reference for further scientific research and engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Yan Jia
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yang Qin
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environ. Technol. for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akay S, Kayan B, Martínez F. Dissolution thermodynamics and preferential solvation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in (ethanol + water) mixtures. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
8
|
O'Connor D, Hou D. Sustainable remediation and revival of brownfields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140475. [PMID: 32887005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|