Effects of tree species richness on fine root production varied with stand density and soil nutrients in subtropical forests

Effects of stand condition and root density on fine-root dynamics across root functional groups in a subtropical montane forest

Fine roots play key roles in belowground C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Based on their distinct functions, fine roots are either absorptive fine roots (AFRs) or transport fine roots (TFRs). However, the function-based fine root dynamics of trees and their responses to forest stand properties remain unclear. Here, we studied the dynamics of AFRs and TFRs and their responses to stand conditions and root density in a subtropical montane mixed forest based on a 2-a root window experiment. Mean (± SE) annual production, mortality, and turnover rate of AFRs were 7.87 ± 0.17 m m^-2 a^-1, 8.13 ± 0.20 m m^-2 a^-1and 2.96 ± 0.24 a^-1, respectively, compared with 7.09 ± 0.17 m m^-2 a^-1, 4.59 ± 0.17 m m^-2 a^-1, and 2.01 ± 0.22 a^-1, respectively, for TFRs. The production and mortality of fine roots were significantly higher in high root-density sites than in low-root density sites, whereas the turnover of fine roots was faster in the low root-density sites. Furthermore, root density had a larger positive effect than other environmental factors on TFR production but had no obvious impact on AFR production. Tree species diversity had an apparent positive effect on AFR production and was the crucial driver of AFR production, probably due to a complementary effect, but had no evident impact on TFR. Both tree density and tree species diversity were positively correlated with the mortality of AFRs and negatively related to the turnover of TFRs, suggesting that higher root density caused stronger competition for rooting space and that plants tend to reduce maintenance costs by decreasing TFR turnover. These findings illustrated the importance of root functional groups in understanding root dynamics and their responses to changes in environmental conditions.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11676-022-01514-0.