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Ricciardi M, Pironti C, Comite V, Bergomi A, Fermo P, Bontempo L, Camin F, Proto A, Motta O. A multi-analytical approach for the identification of pollutant sources on black crust samples: Stable isotope ratio of carbon, sulphur, and oxygen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175557. [PMID: 39153633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
This study is focused on the identification of pollutant sources on black crust (BC) samples from the Monumental Cemetery of Milan (Italy), through a multi-analytical approach based on the determination of stable isotope ratios of carbon, sulphur, and oxygen. Six black crust samples, mainly developed on marble sculptures over a time span of 100-150 years, were analysed. For the first time, δ13C was measured for BC samples: δ13C values of the pulverized samples (from -1.2 to +1.3 ‰) are very close to the values obtained from the carbonate matrix, whereas after the removal of the matrix through acidification, δ13C values of BC samples from Milan range from -27.2 to -22.1 ‰, with no significant variation between samples with different ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon. In sum, the δ13C values obtained for all BC samples fall within the range of anthropogenic emissions such as vehicle traffic, coal combustion and industrial emissions. δ34S and δ18O values of sulphate from BC samples range from -6.3 to +7.0 ‰ and from +7.6 to +10.5 ‰, respectively. Coupling the analysis of the oxygen isotope ratio with that of sulphur enables a more precise identification of the origin of sulphates: the observed isotopic composition falls in the range typical for anthropogenic emission of sulphur dioxide. Overall, in this study, C, S and O isotopes were combined for the first time to assess pollutant sources on black crust samples: this multi-stable isotope approach allowed to show that the BC formation on monuments from the Monumental Cemetery of Milan mostly results from anthropogenic emissions from fossil fuels combustion by road vehicles and factories, as well as domestic heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricciardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bergomi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy; Centre Agriculture Food Environment C3A, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
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Saraiva NB, Pereira LD, Gaspar AR, Costa JJ. Measurement of particulate matter in a heritage building using optical counters: Long-term and spatial analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160747. [PMID: 36493834 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The good conservation of cultural patrimony depends on the quality of the indoor environment where collections and artifacts are kept, being suspended particles one of the key parameters. Among the various methods to study indoor pollution, portable optical counters appear as effective instruments to measure indoor pollution due to their specifications (low visual and acoustic impact). However, it is still one of the least common approaches when assessing the conservation quality in heritage buildings. Therefore, the present study focuses on developing a methodology that uses portable particle counters to monitor particulate matter inside historic buildings and assess indoor conservation quality. Long-term and spatial analyses were conducted using this type of equipment to identify causes of pollution in a case study, the Joanina Library in Coimbra, Portugal. Estimation of night concentrations was carried out as a complementary approach to the monitoring. A new conservation method of classifying indoor pollution was proposed as an alternative to the most common standards. This classification determines four conservation classes (A, B, C, and D) according to particulate matter and the respective percentage of time that measurements are within such classes. As a result, the measurements showed a poor indoor environment quality meeting the requirements of low-level classes, which are those with a greater risk of degradation (Classes C and D). The continuous long-term campaign of four years was decisive for the identification of the main sources and environmental conditions of higher pollution: the exterior pavement, the number of tourists, the use of carpets, and the absence of rain. The spatial results depend on the diameters of the particles and the space's height where the assessment is made. Thus, this type of device and the developed methodology could be used by curators as an effective tool for long-term and spatial assessment in this building typology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Baía Saraiva
- University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Luisa Dias Pereira
- University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adélio Rodrigues Gaspar
- University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Joaquim Costa
- University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
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Pargoletti E, Comite V, Fermo P, Sabatini V, Annunziata L, Ortenzi MA, Farina H, Cappelletti G. Calcitic-based stones protection by a low-fluorine modified methacrylic coating. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29455-29466. [PMID: 34312747 PMCID: PMC9001578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollutants, such as NOx, SO2, and particulate matter, together with water percolation inside the stone pores, represent the main causes of cultural heritage decay. In order to avoid these undesired phenomena, the application of protective coatings represents a reliable solution. In this context, the present study focused on the synthesis of low-fluorine content methacrylic-based (MMA) polymeric resins characterized by seven F atoms (namely F7 monomer) in the lateral chains. Four different percentages (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0%) of the present monomer were adopted to obtain a final polymeric structure showing the desired hydrophobicity, processability, and structural and thermal stability (even after accelerated UV aging tests). MMA_F7(1.0) seemed to be the optimal one; therefore, it was further applied onto Candoglia marble. Specifically, the treated substrates showed good surface hydrophobicity, water repellency, and water vapor transpirability. No color variation was observed even after a 1.5-year exposure in a real polluted environment (Monza Cathedral). Interestingly, the application of this coating hindered the atmospheric nitrates penetration inside the stones and, at the same time, it limited the sulfates (gypsum) formation, thus revealing a very promising marbles protection resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Pargoletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valentina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luisa Annunziata
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Hermes Farina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Fermo P, Colella M, Malagodi M, Fiocco G, Albano M, Marchioron S, Guglielmi V, Comite V. Study of a surface coating present on a Renaissance Piety from the Museum of Ancient Art (Castello Sforzesco, Milan). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29498-29509. [PMID: 34498183 PMCID: PMC8425584 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The surface coating present on a marble Piety dating to the Renaissance period and stored at the Castello Sforzesco-Museum of Ancient Art (Milan, Italy) was studied and chemically characterised. For this purpose, both portable non-invasive (XRF and colorimetric measurements) and micro-invasive techniques (FTIR-ATR and SEM-EDS), have been applied. The statue has been recently submitted to a restoration, since its surface appeared dark and yellowed, before an exhibition at the Louvre Museum and the original appearance of the marble surface recovered thanks to the surface coating removal. Through the analytical characterisation carried out before and after the marble cleaning, the presence of a degradation layer composed by gypsum was evidenced on the stone. The origin of this layer is ascribable to the exposure of the statue to outdoor environment and interaction with atmospheric pollution. The chemical nature of the coating applied at the end of nineteenth century also responsible for the surface alteration was hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Colella
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Noto 8, Milan, Italy
- Centro studio e conservazione opere d’arte Piccolo Chiostro s.r.l., via C. Procaccini n.4 Fabbrica del Vapore, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Malagodi
- Arvedi Laboratory of non-Invasive Diagnostics, CISRiC, University of Pavia, Via Bell’Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Department of Musicology and Cultural Heritage, University of Pavia, Corso Garibaldi 178, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Giacomo Fiocco
- Arvedi Laboratory of non-Invasive Diagnostics, CISRiC, University of Pavia, Via Bell’Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Albano
- Arvedi Laboratory of non-Invasive Diagnostics, CISRiC, University of Pavia, Via Bell’Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Department of Physics, Polytechnic of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchioron
- Centro studio e conservazione opere d’arte Piccolo Chiostro s.r.l., via C. Procaccini n.4 Fabbrica del Vapore, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Vittoria Guglielmi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19 Milan, Italy
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Comite V, Miani A, Ricca M, La Russa M, Pulimeno M, Fermo P. The impact of atmospheric pollution on outdoor cultural heritage: an analytic methodology for the characterization of the carbonaceous fraction in black crusts present on stone surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111565. [PMID: 34192555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has reduced tourism in both museums and historical sites with negative economic effect. The wellbeing and good preservation of monuments is a key factor to encourage again tourism. Historical monuments exposed to outdoor pollution are subjected to well known degradation phenomenon including the formation on their surface of black crusts (BCs) causing blackening and deterioration of the monuments and, as a consequence, a worst fruition by the visitors. The aim of this research is the development and validation of a novel method to characterize and quantify the various components present in the black crusts. SO2 together with the carbonaceous fraction (i.e. OC, organic carbon, and EC, elemental carbon) represent the main atmospheric pollutants involved in the process of BCs formation which consists in the partial transformation of the carbonate substrate into gypsum where black particles are embedded. A new methodology based on the use of TGA/DSC (Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential scanning calorimetry) and CHN (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen) analysis was set up allowing to determine organic carbon and elemental carbon together with other components such as gypsum. Four standard mixtures simulating BCs composition were prepared and analysed by the set-up methodology. The new procedure was subsequently applied to study real BCs samples taken from monuments and historical buildings placed in cities heavily affected by atmospheric pollution and by PCA (principal component analysis) their main features, from the point of view of carbonaceous fraction, were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Michela Ricca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze Della Terra (DiBEST), Università Della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, CS, Italy
| | - Mauro La Russa
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze Della Terra (DiBEST), Università Della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, CS, Italy
| | - Manuela Pulimeno
- Staff UNESCO, Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy; Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy.
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Chemical Characterization of Particulate Matter in the Renaissance City of Ferrara. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11060227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are today a key issue in air pollution, mostly related to public health. Two test areas in Ferrara, one in the city center (urban location) and one in the industrial area (industrial location), were studied in June–July 2016 using the SEM technique to identify the environmental impact of some potential pollutant sources. Collection was performed using adhesive tapes applied on the surface of road signs, which allows to select particulate matter moving on air with diffusion movement and to exclude the particles usually deposed by the gravitational process. Dimensional characterization has shown that, usually, smaller particles tend to aggregate themselves in bigger polycrystalline particles with the geometric diameter of up to 10 μm. Micro-analytical data have revealed a wide heterogeneous range of compositions: more abundant silicate followed by carbonate, chlorine, sulphate, carbon, and organic. This preliminary study has highlighted that the Renaissance city of Ferrara is affected by an environmental problem linked to the presence of particulate matter induced by industrial activities, as is the case with some of the most polluted cities in the world. The observations and analytical data pointed out the need for further investigation to better define the features of the fine particulate matter. This will be useful to preserve the cultural heritage of this Medieval-Renaissance city.
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Rovella N, Aly N, Comite V, Randazzo L, Fermo P, Barca D, Alvarez de Buergo M, La Russa MF. The environmental impact of air pollution on the built heritage of historic Cairo (Egypt). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142905. [PMID: 33127125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, many researchers investigated the relation between environmental pollution and the degradation phenomena on the built heritage, because of their rapid increase and growing harmfulness. Consequently, the identification of the main pollution sources has become essential to define mitigation actions against degradation and alteration phenomena of the stone materials. In this way, the present paper is focused on the study of the effect of air pollution on archaeological buildings in Historic Cairo. A multi-methodological approach was used to obtain information about the chemical composition of examined black crusts and to clarify their correlation with the air pollution, specifically the heavy metals and the carbonaceous fraction, their main sources, and their impact on the state of conservation of the studied sites. All specimens were characterized by polarized optical microscopy (POM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Electron Probe Micro Analyser coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EPMA-EDS), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The study conducted on heavy metals and carbonaceous fraction showed that the greatest contribution of the accumulation of pollutants is attributable to vehicular traffic and industrial activities, the main polluting sources in Cairo city. Furthermore, the comparison with other studies conducted on the carbonaceous fraction in the black crusts coming from both European and non-European cities, has allowed to discriminate the contribution of the primary and secondary polluting sources. Finally, the correlation of the data obtained on the heavy metals and the carbonaceous fraction allowed to formulate important hypothesis about the processes of sulphation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rovella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Nevin Aly
- Department of Science and Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, 43512 Suez, Egypt.
| | - Valeria Comite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luciana Randazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Paola Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Donatella Barca
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | | | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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Sequential SEM-EDS, PLM, and MRS Microanalysis of Individual Atmospheric Particles: A Useful Tool for Assigning Emission Sources. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9020037. [PMID: 33670617 PMCID: PMC7922855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the particulate matter (PM) from three different monitoring stations in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area in Mexico were investigated for their compositional, morphological, and optical properties. The main aim of the research was to decipher the different sources of the particles. The methodology involved the ex situ sequential analysis of individual particles by three analytical techniques: scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS). The microanalysis was performed on samples of total suspended particles. Different morphologies were observed for particles rich in the same element, including prismatic, spherical, spheroidal, and irregular morphologies. The sequential microanalysis by SEM-EDS/PLM/MRS revealed that Fe-rich particles with spherical and irregular morphologies were derived from anthopogenic sources, such as emissions from the metallurgical industry and the wear of automobile parts, respectively. In contrast, Fe-rich particles with prismatic morphologies were associated with natural sources. In relation to carbon (C), the methodology was able to distinguish between the C-rich particles that came from different anthopogenic sources—such as the burning of fossil fuels, biomass, or charcoal—and the metallurgical industry. The optical properties of the Si-rich particles depended, to a greater extent, on their chemical composition than on their morphology, which made it possible to quickly and accurately differentiate aluminosilicates from quartz. The methodology demonstrated in this study was useful for performing the speciation of the particles rich in different elements. This differentiation helped to assign their possible emission sources.
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