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Brião GDV, da Costa TB, Antonelli R, Costa JM. Electrochemical processes for the treatment of contaminant-rich wastewater: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141884. [PMID: 38575083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Global water demand and environmental concerns related to climate change require industries to develop high-efficiency wastewater treatment methods to remove pollutants. Likewise, toxic pollutants present in wastewater negatively affect the environment and human health, requiring effective treatment. Although conventional treatment processes remove carbon and nutrients, they are insufficient to remove pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plasticizers. Electrochemical processes effectively remove pollutants from wastewater through the mineralization of non-biodegradable pollutants with consequent conversion into biodegradable compounds. Its advantages include easy operation, versatility, and short reaction time. In this way, this review initially provides a global water scenario with a view to the future. It comprises global demand, treatment methods, and pollution of water resources, addressing various contaminants such as heavy metals, nutrients, organic compounds, and emerging contaminants. Subsequently, the fundamentals of electrochemical treatments are presented as well as electrochemical treatments, highlighting the latest studies involving electrocoagulation, electroflocculation, electroflotation, capacitive deionization and its derivatives, eletrodeionization, and electrochemical advanced oxidation process. Finally, the challenges and perspectives were discussed. In this context, electrochemical processes have proven promising and effective for the treatment of water and wastewater, allowing safe reuse practices and purification with high contaminant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giani de Vargas Brião
- Center of Research on Science and Technology of BioResources, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador São Carlense Ave, 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Raissa Antonelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Prof. Luciano Gualberto Ave, tr. 3, 380, São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Josiel Martins Costa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Elhadeuf K, Bougdah N, Chikhi M, Ben Djaballah C, Balaska F. Optimization of textile wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation-microfiltration using recycled electrodes and Box-Behnken design. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-023-02395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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3
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AlJaberi FY, Ahmed SA, Makki HF, Naje AS, Zwain HM, Salman AD, Juzsakova T, Viktor S, Van B, Le PC, La DD, Chang SW, Um MJ, Ngo HH, Nguyen DD. Recent advances and applicable flexibility potential of electrochemical processes for wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161361. [PMID: 36610626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study examined >140 relevant publications from the last few years (2018-2021). In this study, classification was reviewed depending on the operation's progress. Electrocoagulation (EC), electrooxidation (EO), electroflotation (EF), electrodialysis (ED), and electro-Fenton (EFN) processes have received considerable attention. The type of action (individual or hybrid) for each electrochemical procedure was evaluated, and statistical analysis was performed to compare them as a new manner of reviewing cited papers providing a massive amount of information efficiently to the readers. Individual or hybrid operation progress of the electrochemical techniques is critical issues. Their design, operation, and maintenance costs vary depending on the in-situ conditions, as evidenced by surveyed articles and statistical analyses. This work also examines the variables affecting the elimination efficacy, such as the applied current, reaction time, pH, type of electrolyte, initial pollutant concentration, and energy consumption. In addition, owing to its efficacy in removing toxins, the hybrid activity showed a good percentage among the studies reviewed. The promise of each wastewater treatment technology depends on the type of contamination. In some cases, EO requires additives to oxidise the pollutants. EF and EFN eliminated lightweight organic pollutants. ED has been used to treat saline water. Compared to other methods, EC has been extensively employed to remove a wide variety of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forat Yasir AlJaberi
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq.
| | - Shaymaa A Ahmed
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hasan F Makki
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Samir Naje
- College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim Province, 51001 Babylon, Iraq
| | - Haider M Zwain
- College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim Province, 51001 Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Dawood Salman
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Refining Engineering, College of Oil and Gas Engineering, Basra University, Iraq
| | - Tatjána Juzsakova
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Sebestyen Viktor
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - B Van
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 550000 Danang, Viet Nam; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 550000 Danang, Viet Nam.
| | - Phuoc-Cuong Le
- The University of Danang-University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang, Danang 550000, Viet Nam.
| | - D Duong La
- Institute of Chemistry and Materials, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - S Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Um
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - D Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 442-760, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, HCM City 755414, Viet Nam.
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Zaffar A, Krishnamoorthy N, Nagaraj N, Jayaraman S, Paramasivan B. Optimization and kinetic modeling of phosphate recovery as struvite by electrocoagulation from source-separated urine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:20721-20735. [PMID: 36255572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus recovery is indispensable due to the rapid depletion of its natural reserves and excessive utility in agriculture. Though human urine has high nutrient content including phosphate, nitrogen and potassium; direct use as a fertilizer is restricted due to hygienic, environmental, social and ethical issues. To overcome these limitations, the nutrients are precipitated by the external addition of magnesium (Mg) to form a slow-releasing fertilizer called struvite. The present study aims to maximize phosphate recovery through optimizing struvite production by an emerging electrocoagulation technique. A maximum of 95% phosphate recovery was achieved using inter-electrode distance of 0.5 cm, 2 A current from undiluted urine using Mg-Mg electrodes in a reaction time of 30 min. Further, kinetic modeling of phosphate recovery through electrocoagulation was conducted to comprehend the intended mechanism through the order of kinetics. The results revealed that the data best correlated with first-order kinetics with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Electrocoagulation improved the supernatant quality by reducing the ion concentrations other than phosphate (30-50%), salinity (40-45%), and microbial population (99%). Qualitative assessment of the precipitate through sophisticated analysis further confirmed the presence of struvite crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Zaffar
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Nahaarjun Nagaraj
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Sivaraman Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Balasubramanian Paramasivan
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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Electrocoagulation removal of Pb, Cd, and Cu ions from wastewater using a new configuration of electrodes. MethodsX 2022; 10:101951. [PMID: 36545545 PMCID: PMC9761852 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A new configuration of aluminum electrodes has been performed in an electrocoagulation reactor (ECR) to remove toxic metals from synthetic wastewater. The ECR contains four concentric-cubic electrodes that were connected to the DC power supply with a bipolar mode. The ability of this reactor to eliminate 200 ppm Pb, 200 ppm Cd and 200 ppm Cu from wastewater was investigated under the effect of pH (4-10), applied current (0.2-2.6 A), and the reaction time of (4-60 min). Two grams of NaCl were added to each experiment to enhance the electrical conductivity and minimize the passivation of cathode surfaces. The experiments, analysis, and optimization were conducted using response surface methodology type Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) and the Minitab-statistical software program. The highest elimination of heavy metals was: Pb-99.73%, Cd-98.54%, and Cu-98.92% at pH 10, 1.4 A of the applied current, and 60 min of the reaction time. The total real consumption of anodes under these conditions was 0.55 g, and the energy consumption was 12.71 kWh/m3. All reactions of metal removal that occurred in the present EC reactor obey the kinetic of a first-order reaction. Thermodynamics parameters of present electrocoagulation removal of heavy metals indicate an endothermic, spontaneous nature, and random irregularity at the liquid-solid interaction. The highest values of removal efficiencies and the considerably lowest values of energy and electrode consumption proved that the electrocoagulation technology applies in wastewater treatment containing toxic metals.•The anode electrodes were perforated to decrease the amount of electrode consumption, while the cathode electrodes were not perforated.•The new EC reactor eliminated Pb-99.73%, Cd-98.54%, and Cu-98.92% of 200 mg/l of each metal at pH 10, applied current of 1.4 A, and reaction time of 60 min. Moreover, the consumption of energy and electrodes was significantly low.•The performance indicator (R2) of the studied responses was higher than 0.95.
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Nidheesh PV, Khan FM, Kadier A, Akansha J, Bote ME, Mousazadeh M. Removal of nutrients and other emerging inorganic contaminants from water and wastewater by electrocoagulation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135756. [PMID: 35917977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continual discharge of emerging inorganic pollutants into natural aquatic systems and their negative effects on the environment have motivated the researchers to explore and develop clean and efficient water treatment strategies. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a rapid and promising pollutant removal approach that does not require any chemical additives or complicated process management. Therefore, inorganic pollutant treatment via the EC process is considered one of the most feasible processes. The potential developments of EC process may make the process a wise choice for water treatment in the future. Thus, the present study mainly focuses on the use of EC technology to remove nutrients and other emerging inorganic pollutants from water medium. The operating factors that influence EC process efficiency are explained. The major advancement of the EC technique as well as field-implemented units are also discussed. Overall, this study mainly focuses on emerging issues, present advancements, and techno-economic considerations in EC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Nidheesh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India.
| | - Farhan M Khan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India
| | - Abudukeremu Kadier
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - J Akansha
- School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Million Ebba Bote
- Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, PoBox - 378, Ethiopia
| | - Milad Mousazadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Pandey G, Tharmavaram M, Phadke G, Rawtani D, Ranjan M, Sooraj K. Silanized halloysite nanotubes as ‘nano-platform’ for the complexation and removal of Fe (II) and Fe (III) ions from aqueous environment. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Xiao Z, Cui T, Wang Z, Dang Y, Zheng M, Lin Y, Song Z, Wang Y, Liu C, Xu B, Ikhlaq A, Kumirska J, Siedlecka EM, Qi F. Energy-efficient removal of carbamazepine in solution by electrocoagulation-electrofenton using a novel P-rGO cathode. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:88-102. [PMID: 34969480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, carbamazepine (CBZ) decay in solution has been studied by coupling electrocoagulation with electro-Fenton (EC-EF) with a novel P-rGO/carbon felt (CF) cathode, aiming to accelerate the in-situ generation of •OH, instead of adding Fe2+ and H2O2. Firstly, the fabricated P-rGO and its derived cathode were characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM, XPS and electrochemical test (EIS, CV and LSV). Secondly, it was confirmed that the performance in removal efficiency and electric energy consumption (EEC) by EC-EF (kobs=0.124 min-1, EEC=43.98 kWh/kg CBZ) was better than EF (kobs=0.069 min-1, EEC=61.04 kWh/kg CBZ). Then, P-rGO/CF (kobs=0.248 min-1, EEC=29.47 kWh/kg CBZ, CE=61.04%) showed the best performance in EC-EF, among all studied heteroatom-doped graphene/CF. This superior performance may be associated with its largest layer spacing and richest C=C, which can promote the electron transfer rate and conductivity of the cathode. Thus, more H2O2 and •OH could be produced to degrade CBZ, and almost 100% CBZ was removed with kobs being 0.337 min-1 and the EEC was only 24.18 kWh/kg CBZ, under the optimal conditions (P-rGO loading was 6.0 mg/cm2, the current density was 10.0 mA/cm2, the gap between electrode was 2.0 cm). Additionally, no matter the influent is acidic, neutral or alkaline, no additional pH adjustment is required for the effluent of EC-EF. At last, an inconsecutive empirical kinetic model was firstly established to predict the effect of operating parameters on CBZ removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xiao
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tingyu Cui
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenbei Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Dang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meijie Zheng
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yixinfei Lin
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zilong Song
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Industrial Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Bingbing Xu
- State Key Lab of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Amir Ikhlaq
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, GT Road, 54890, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Jolanta Kumirska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Maria Siedlecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Minimizing the Fluoride Load in Water Using the Electrocoagulation Method: An Experimental Approach. ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The abundant presence of fluoride (F-) in surface water bodies is an environmental concern because of its effects on human health; medical reports confirmed that fluoride intake above 1.5 mg/L leads to many health complications, including but not limited to weak bones and enamel fluorosis. Thus, the World Health Organisation (WHO) defines 1.20 mg/L as the maximum permissible F- concentration in drinking water. The electrocoagulation method (EC) is globally practised to remove many pollutants from water due to its cost-effectiveness, safety, and ease of use. However, EC has some drawbacks, such as the lack of reactors’ design. In this study, a new EC reactor, which uses four drilled aluminium electrodes and a variant cross-section section container, was designed and used to remove F- from water. The design of the new EC eliminated the need for water mixers. The ability of the new EC unit to remove F- from synthetic water was evaluated at different current densities (CD) (1–3 mA/cm2), electrode distances (ELD) (5–15 mm), pH of the solution (pHoS) (4–10), and initial F- concentrations (IFC) (5–20 mg/L). The outcomes of this study prove that the new reactor could remove as much as 98.3% of 20 mg/l of F- at CD, ELD, pHoS, and IFC of 2 mA/cm2, 5 mm, and 4 and 10 mg/L, respectively.
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Al-Hayawi A. The multiplex PCR assay detection of Staphylococcus sciuri antibiotic resistance, mecA gene, and the inhibitory effect of root exudate of Nigella sativa (black seeds) treated with magnetized water. J Med Life 2022; 15:228-233. [PMID: 35419114 PMCID: PMC8999102 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
121 bacterial samples isolated from wounds from both sexes and all age groups were collected from Salahadin General Hospital, Salahadin provenance, Iraq. Only 8 Staphylococcus sciuri (S. sciuri) isolates were identified. The bacterial isolation showed the highest sensitivity to Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Cefotaxime, Methicillin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin and resistance to all other antibiotics. The root exudates of black seeds were used for 10 and 20 days for both treatments with and without magnetized water, and the exudates were superior when using magnetized water for 20 days. Antibiotic resistance and the mecA gene were investigated, and a multiplex PCR assay was used to detect the mecA gene in S. sciuri. Optimized conditions were used to amplify mecA fragments that encode methicillin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Al-Hayawi
- Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq,Corresponding Author: Anas Al-Hayawi, Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq. E-mail:
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11
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Applications of Computational and Statistical Models for Optimizing the Electrochemical Removal of Cephalexin Antibiotic from Water. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most serious effects of micropollutants in the environment is biological magnification, which causes adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. Among all of the micro-pollutants, antibiotics are commonly present in the aquatic environment due to their wide use in treating or preventing various diseases and infections for humans, plants, and animals. Therefore, an aluminum-based electrocoagulation unit has been used in this study to remove cephalexin antibiotics, as a model of the antibiotics, from water. Computational and statistical models were used to optimize the effects of key parameters on the electrochemical removal of cephalexin, including the initial cephalexin concentration (15–55 mg/L), initial pH (3–11), electrolysis time (20–40 min), and electrode type (insulated and non-insulated). The response surface methodology-central composite design (RSM-CCD) was used to investigate the dependency of the studied variables, while the artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) methods were applied for predicting the experimental training data. The results showed that the best experimental and predicted removals of cephalexin (CEX) were 88.21% and 93.87%, respectively, which were obtained at a pH of 6.14 and electrolysis time of 34.26 min. The results also showed that the ANFIS model predicts and interprets the experimental results better than the ANN and RSM-CCD models. Sensitivity analysis using the Garson method showed the comparative significance of the variables as follows: pH (30%) > electrode type (27%) > initial CEX concentration (24%) > electrolysis time (19%).
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Ou J, Luo K, Tan H, Li N, Hu B, Yu G. Fe 3O 4@N-doped carbon derived from dye wastewater flocculates as a heterogeneous catalyst for degradation of methylene blue. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02905g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study used wastewater to mitigate pollution, wherein the catalyst was derived from MG dye wastewater flocculates produced by electrocoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Ou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, 421002, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Kejun Luo
- Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Hong Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Ni Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Bonian Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Gang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Al-Raad AA, Hanafiah MM. Removal of inorganic pollutants using electrocoagulation technology: A review of emerging applications and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113696. [PMID: 34509809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation (ECoag) technique has shown considerable potential as an effective method in separating different types of pollutants (including inorganic pollutants) from various sources of water at a lower cost, and that is environmentally friendly. The EC method's performance depends on several significant parameters, including current density, reactor geometry, pH, operation time, the gap between electrodes, and agitation speed. There are some challenges related to the ECoag technique, for example, energy consumption, and electrode passivation as well as its implementation at a larger scale. This review highlights the recent studies published about ECoag capacity to remove inorganic pollutants (including salts), the emerging reactors, and the effect of reactor geometry designs. In addition, this paper highlights the integration of the ECoag technique with other advanced technologies such as microwave and ultrasonic to achieve higher removal efficiencies. This paper also presents a critical discussion of the major and minor reactions of the electrocoagulation technique with several significant operational parameters, emerging designs of the ECoag cell, operating conditions, and techno-economic analysis. Our review concluded that optimizing the operating parameters significantly enhanced the efficiency of the ECoag technique and reduced overall operating costs. Electrodes geometry has been recommended to minimize the passivation phenomenon, promote the conductivity of the cell, and reduce energy consumption. In this review, several challenges and gaps were identified, and insights for future development were discussed. We recommend that future studies investigate the effect of other emerging parameters like perforated and ball electrodes on the ECoag technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas A Al-Raad
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia; Ababil School, Al-Muthanna Education Directorate, Samawa, 66001, Iraq
| | - Marlia M Hanafiah
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia; Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia.
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Colorimetric detection of Fe3+ ions using Schiff base-chalcone functionalized bis(1,2,3-triazolyl-γ-propyltriethoxysilanes). Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lu J, Zhang P, Li J. Electrocoagulation technology for water purification: An update review on reactor design and some newly concerned pollutants removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113259. [PMID: 34256295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage and quality deterioration are plaguing people all over the world. Providing sustainable and affordable treatment solutions to these problems is a need of the hour. Electrocoagulation (EC) technology is a burgeoning alternative for effective water treatment, which offers the virtues such as compact equipment, easy operation, and low sludge production. Compared to other water purification technologies, EC shows excellent removal efficacy for a wide range of contaminants in water and has great potential for addressing limitations of conventional water purification technologies. This review summarizes the latest development of principle, characteristics, and reactor design of EC. The design of key parameters including reactor shape, power supply type, current density, as well as electrode configuration is further elaborated. In particular, typical water treatment systems powered by renewable energy (solar photovoltaic and wind turbine systems) are proposed. Further, this review provides an overview on expanded application of EC in the removal of some newly concerned pollutants in recent years, including arsenite, perfluorinated compounds, pharmaceuticals, oil, bacteria, and viruses. The removal efficiency and mechanisms of these pollutants are also discussed. Finally, future research trend and focus are further recommended. This review can bridge the large knowledge gap for the EC application that is beneficial for environmental researchers and engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lu
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Economics and Management, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
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Electrocoagulation Process: An Approach to Continuous Processes, Reactors Design, Pharmaceuticals Removal, and Hybrid Systems—A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrocoagulation (EC) process has been widely studied in recent years to remove a wide range of contaminants present in different types of water: fluorides, arsenic, heavy metals, organic matter, colorants, oils, and recently, pharmaceutical compounds. However, most of the studies have been aimed at understanding the process factors that have the most significant effect on efficiency, and these studies have been mainly on a batch process. Therefore, this review is focused on elucidating the current state of development of this process and the challenges it involves transferring to continuous processes and the recent exploration of its potential use in the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants and its implementation with other technologies.
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Ahmad A, Priyadarshini M, Das S, Ghangrekar MM. Electrocoagulation as an efficacious technology for the treatment of wastewater containing active pharmaceutical compounds: a review. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1972011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azhan Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Monali Priyadarshini
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sovik Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Makarand Madhao Ghangrekar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Adsorptive and Coagulative Removal of Trace Metals from Water Using Surface Modified Sawdust-Based Cellulose Nanocrystals. J 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/j4020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of toxic metals in surface and natural waters, even at trace levels, poses a great danger to humans and the ecosystem. Although the combination of adsorption and coagulation techniques has the potential to eradicate this problem, the use of inappropriate media remains a major drawback. This study reports on the application of NaNO2/NaHCO3 modified sawdust-based cellulose nanocrystals (MCNC) as both coagulant and adsorbent for the removal of Cu, Fe and Pb from aqueous solution. The surface modified coagulants, prepared by electrostatic interactions, were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS). The amount of coagulated/adsorbed trace metals was then analysed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). SEM analysis revealed the patchy and distributed floccules on Fe-flocs, which was an indication of multiple mechanisms responsible for Fe removal onto MCNC. A shift in the peak position attributed to C2H192N64O16 from 2θ = 30 to 24.5° occurred in the XRD pattern of both Pb- and Cu-flocs. Different process variables, including initial metal ions concentration (10–200 mg/L), solution pH (2–10), and temperature (25–45 °C) were studied in order to investigate how they affect the reaction process. Both Cu and Pb adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 111.1 and 2.82 mg/g, respectively, whereas the adsorption of Fe was suggestive of a multilayer adsorption process; however, Fe Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 81.96 mg/g. The sequence of trace metals removal followed the order: Cu > Fe > Pb. The utilization of this product in different water matrices is an effective way to establish their robustness.
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Recent Advancements in Non-Destructive Testing Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an important aspect of the assessment of various structures and infrastructure, which involves inspection, monitoring, and maintenance to support economics, quality of life and sustainability in civil engineering. Currently, research has been conducted in order to develop non-destructive techniques for SHM to extend the lifespan of monitored structures. This paper will review and summarize the recent advancements in non-destructive testing techniques, namely, sweep frequency approach, ground penetrating radar, infrared technique, fiber optics sensors, camera-based methods, laser scanner techniques, acoustic emission and ultrasonic techniques. Although some of the techniques are widely and successfully utilized in civil engineering, there are still challenges that researchers are addressing. One of the common challenges within the techniques is interpretation, analysis and automation of obtained data, which requires highly skilled and specialized experts. Therefore, researchers are investigating and applying artificial intelligence, namely machine learning algorithms to address the challenges. In addition, researchers have combined multiple techniques in order to improve accuracy and acquire additional parameters to enhance the measurement processes. This study mainly focuses on the scope and recent advancements of the Non-destructive Testing (NDT) application for SHM of concrete, masonry, timber and steel structures.
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Electrocoagulation as a Promising Defluoridation Technology from Water: A Review of State of the Art of Removal Mechanisms and Performance Trends. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride ions present in drinking water are beneficial to human health when at proper concentration levels (0.5–1.5 mg L−1), but an excess intake of fluoride (>1.5 mg L−1) may pose several health problems. In this context, reducing high fluoride concentrations in water is a major worldwide challenge. The World Health Organization has recommended setting a permissible limit of 1.5 mg L−1. The application of electrocoagulation (EC) processes has received widespread and increasing attention as a promising treatment technology and a competitive treatment for fluoride control. EC technology has been favourably applied due to its economic effectiveness, environmental versatility, amenability of automation, and low sludge production. This review provides more detailed information on fluoride removal from water by the EC process, including operating parameters, removal mechanisms, energy consumption, and operating costs. Additionally, it also focuses attention on future trends related to improve defluoridation efficiency.
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