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Guan H, Liu Q, Pan WP. An assessment of inorganic components in condensable particulate matter as a function of surface aggregation, spatial suspension state and particle size. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134537. [PMID: 38759279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Experimental studies assessed the removal efficiency and fine-size distribution of CPM coupled with compositional analysis across air pollution control device systems (APCDs) at an ultra-low emission (ULE) power plant. The findings indicated total CPM emissions were reduced to a minimum of 0.418 mg/m3 at the Wet Electrostatic Precipitator (WESP). The Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (WFGD) showed the highest removal efficiency (98%) across all particle sizes, notably in the ultra-micron range. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) demonstrated a mere 34% overall efficiency, with a negative removal rate in the ultra-fine particle range. The WESP effectively removed CPM only in sub-micron and ultra-micron sizes, but significantly increased water-soluble ions formation in ultra-fine spatially suspended CPM (CPMspa), leading to overall negative efficiency. Thus, the removal efficiency of the ultra-fine particle range was most affected among the three particle size ranges when the flue gas went through the APCDs. Major metal elements and water-soluble ions were more readily removed by APCDs due to their surface aggregation, while the removal of trace elements like Hg and Se was limited. Reducing SO42-/NH4+ formation in SCR, and optimizing WESP spray system operations based on flue gas components are essential steps in controlling CPM concentration in ULE power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Guan
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Quanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wei-Ping Pan
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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2
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Li J, Xiao X, Li H, Zhao Z, Guan C, Li Y, Hou X, Wang W. Emission characteristics of condensable particulate matter during the production of solid waste-based sulfoaluminate cement: Compositions, heavy metals, and preparation impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141871. [PMID: 38570052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Recycling solid waste for preparing sulfoaluminate cementitious materials (SACM) represents a promising approach for low-carbon development. There are drastic physical-chemical reactions during SACM calcination. However, there is a lack of research on the flue gas pollutants emissions from this process. Condensable particulate matter (CPM) has been found to constitute the majority of the primary PM emitted from various fuel combustion. In this study, the emission characteristics of CPM during the calcination of SACM were determined using tests in both a real-operated kiln and laboratory experiments. The mass concentration of CPM reached 96.6 mg/Nm3 and occupied 87% of total PM emission from the SACM kiln. Additionally, the mass proportion of SO42- in the CPM reached 93.8%, thus indicating that large quantities of sulfuric acid mist or SO3 were emitted. CaSO4 was one key component for the formation of main mineral ye'elimite (3CaO·3Al2O3·CaSO4), and its decomposition probably led to the high SO42- emission. Furthermore, the use of CaSO4 as a calcium source led to SO42- emission factor much higher than conventional calcium sources. Higher calcination temperature and more residence time also increased SO42- emission. The most abundant heavy metal in kiln flue gas and CPM was Zn. However, the total condensation ratio of heavy metals detected was only 40.5%. CPM particles with diameters below 2.5 μm and 4-20 μm were both clearly observed, and components such as Na2SO4 and NaCl were conformed. This work contributes to the understanding of CPM emissions and the establishment of pollutant reduction strategies for waste collaborative disposal in cement industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Green Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250014, China.
| | - Xin Xiao
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Green Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250014, China
| | - Haogen Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Green Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250014, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Ji'nan, 250003, China
| | - Chuang Guan
- Shandong Guoshun Construction Group, Ji'nan, 250399, China
| | - Yuzhong Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Green Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250014, China
| | - Xiangshan Hou
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Green Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250014, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Green Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250014, China
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3
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Yen PH, Yuan CS, Lee GW, Ceng JH, Huang ZY, Chiang KC, Du IC, Tseng YL, Soong KY, Jeng MS. Chemical characteristics and spatiotemporal variation of marine fine particles for clustered channels of air masses transporting toward remote background sites in East Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 331:121870. [PMID: 37225076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the chemical characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, and source apportionment of marine fine particles (PM2.5) for clustered transport channels/routes of air masses moving toward three remote sites in East Asia. Six transport routes in three channels were clustered based on backward trajectory simulation (BTS) in the order of: West Channel > East Channel > South Channel. Air masses transported toward Dongsha Island (DS) came mainly from the West Channel, while those transported toward Green Island (GR) and Kenting Peninsula (KT) came mostly from the East Channel. High PM2.5 commonly occurred from late fall to early spring during the periods of Asian Northeastern Monsoons (ANMs). Marine PM2.5 was dominated by water-soluble ions (WSIs) which were predominated by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs). Although the metallic content of PM2.5 was predominated by crustal elements (Ca, K, Mg, Fe, and Al), enrichment factor clearly showed that trace metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn) came mainly from anthropogenic sources. Organic carbon (OC) was superior to elemental carbon (EC), while OC/EC and SOC/OC ratios in winter and spring were higher than those in other two seasons. Similar trends were observed for levoglucosan and organic acids. The mass ratio of malonic acid and succinic acid (M/S) was commonly higher than unity, showing the influences of biomass burning (BB) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) on marine PM2.5. We resolved that the main sources of PM2.5 were sea salts, fugitive dust, boiler combustion, and SIAs. Boiler combustion and fishing boat emissions at DS had higher contribution than those at GR and KT. The highest/lowest contribution ratios of cross-boundary transport (CBT) were 84.9/29.6% in winter and summer, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Aeroaol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Gia-Wei Lee
- Departmnt of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hao Ceng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Zi-You Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Chiang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Chieh Du
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ker-Yea Soong
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan; Green Island Marine Research Station, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Green Island, Taitung, Taiwan
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Zou Y, Liu X, Wu K, Zhai Y, Li Y. Role of sulphur and chlorine in condensable particulate matter formation during coal combustion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130317. [PMID: 36356518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Condensable particulate matter (CPM) is a major component of primary particulate matter emitted into the atmosphere from stationary sources. However, the factors affecting CPM generation remain unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated the role of sulphur and chlorine in CPM formation during coal combustion. To explore the influence of S, various concentrations of SO2 (0-2000 ppm) were added to the combustion process of high-S coal. The role of Cl in the generation of CPM was revealed by burning coal with a significant difference in the Cl content (0.51-9.70 mg/g). The results show that addition of SO2, especially in SO42-, to the combustion process increases the CPM inorganic fraction content from 5.83 to 48.3 mg/m3. In addition, we speculated that the presence of SO2 may have led post-break oxidation of long-chain alkanes to form esters, especially phthalates. At the same time, in experiments concerning Cl, the opposite trend was observed between S and Cl in the CPM inorganic fraction. As the Cl content in the fuel increased, the S content in the inorganic fraction of CPM gradually decreased. This is because Cl inhibits the conversion of SO2 to SO3, therefore, less S forms CPM as SO3 or as sulphides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Kui Wu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yunfei Zhai
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yuyang Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Zhang H, Zhang Z, Li Y, Chen S, Wang L, Chen T, Deng L. Distribution of the existence forms of condensable particulate matter during condensation: The surface collection and the space suspension forms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159877. [PMID: 36343802 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Condensable particulate matter (CPM), as an air pollutant that has received wide attention in recent years, has a high emission concentration compared to filterable particulate matter (FPM), yet there is not a well-developed removal method. Air pollution control devices (APCDs) with a condensation process have a certain effect on CPM removal, which inspired us to study the condensation behavior of CPM. During the condensation process, the condensed CPM may exist in two final forms: one was collected by the cold surface that caused the condensation; the other was converted to fine particles and suspended in the space of the flue. In a sense, the surface collection form can reflect the removal of CPM, while the CPM in the space suspension form should be further separated with the aim of removal. In this work, we adopted a CPM sampling system based on EPA Method 202 to reveal the distribution of the condensation behavior of CPM. In this sampling system, the CPM collected by all the cooling surfaces, including the cooling coil and impingers, can be counted as the surface collection form, while those collected by the terminal CPM filter can be regarded as the space suspension form. It was found that about 75 % of CPM was collected by the cooling surfaces, which suggested that CPM preferred to be in the surface collection form than the space suspension form. This preference characteristic also could be observed in the inorganic (CPMi) and organic components of the CPM (CPMo). Among the CPMi, almost all NH4+ and SO42- condensed in the form of surface collection. The preference characteristics in CPM's (and its components') condensation behavior are similar under every temperature reduction condition. In this work, the interference of CPM measurement error was resolved by the statistical method of ANOVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Zhuping Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Yuzhong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China.
| | - Shouyan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Tailin Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Lejun Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
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Deng J, Wang S, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Gu Y, Han T, Feng L, Gao J, Duan L. Suggestion on further strengthening ultra-low emission standards for PM emission from coal-fired power plants in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:203-211. [PMID: 36521984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
China has established the largest clean coal-fired power generation system in the world by accomplishing the technological transformation of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) to achieve ultra-low emission. The potential for further particulate matter (PM) emission reduction to achieve near-zero emission for CFPPs has become a hotspot issue. In this study, PM emission from some ultra-low emission CFPPs adopting advanced air pollutant control technologies in China was reviewed. The results revealed that the average filterable particulate matter (FPM) concentration, measured as the total particulate matter (TPM) according to the current national monitoring standard, was (1.67±0.86) mg/m3, which could fully achieve the ultra-low emission standard for key regions (5 mg/m3), but that achieving the near-zero emission standard was difficult (1 mg/m3). However, the condensable particulate matter (CPM), with an average concentration of (1.06±1.28) mg/m3, was generally ignored during monitoring, which led to about 38.7% underestimation of the TPM. Even considering both FPM and CPM, the TPM emission from current CFPPs would contribute to less than 5% of atmospheric PM2.5 concentrations in the key cities and regions in China. Therefore, further reduction in FPM emission proposed by the near-zero emission plan of CFPPs may have less environmental benefit than emission control of other anthropogenic sources. However, it is suggested that the management of CPM emission should be strengthened, and a national standard for CPM emission monitoring based on the indirect dilution method should be established for CFPPs. Those measurements are helpful for optimal operation of air pollutant control devices and continuously promoting further emission reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Deng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- China Energy Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- China Energy Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongzheng Gu
- Guodian Power Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Han
- CHN ENERGY New Energy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
| | - Lei Feng
- CHN ENERGY New Energy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lei Duan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Salamanova M, Murtazaev SA, Saidumov M, Alaskhanov A, Murtazaeva T, Fediuk R. Recycling of Cement Industry Waste for Alkali-Activated Materials Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196660. [PMID: 36234004 PMCID: PMC9572588 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cement industry is recognized as an environmental nuisance, and so there is a need to not only minimizes the consumption of cement, but also to completely recycle the waste of the cement industry. This paper's originality lies in the fact that, for the first time, a comprehensive study of the structure formation of alkali-activated materials (AAM) based on aspiration dust and clinker dust has been carried out. The tasks for achieving this goal were to characterize cement production waste as a new binder and comprehensively research the microstructure, fresh, physical, and mechanical properties of alkali-activated material based on a cement-free binder. Grains of cement production waste are represented by coarse volumetric particles with pronounced cleavage, and a clear presence of minerals is observed. The mineral composition of cement production waste is characterized by calcium silicates, which guarantee good binding properties. The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples (based on the alkaline-activated cement-free binder using clinker dust and aspiration dust) confirmed the presence of calcite, quartz, feldspar close to albite, micas, and zeolites. The obtained products of the chemical interaction of the binder components confirm the effectiveness of the newly developed AAM. As a result of comparing several binders, it was found that the binder based on aspiration dust with Na2SiO3 and Na2SiF6 was the most effective, since, for specimens based on it, a density of 1.8 g/cm3, maximum compressive strength of 50.7 MPa, flexural strength of 5.6 MPa, minimum setting time (starting at 24 min and ending at 36 min), and water absorption of 12.8 wt. % were obtained. The research results will be of interest to specialists in the construction industry since the proposed recipes for eco-friendly, alkali-activated materials are an alternative to expensive and energy-intensive Portland cement, and they provide for the creation of strong and durable concrete and reinforced concrete composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina Salamanova
- Grozny State Oil Technical University named after acad. M.D. Millionshchikov, 364051 Grozny, Russia
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sayd-Alvi Murtazaev
- Grozny State Oil Technical University named after acad. M.D. Millionshchikov, 364051 Grozny, Russia
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Magomed Saidumov
- Grozny State Oil Technical University named after acad. M.D. Millionshchikov, 364051 Grozny, Russia
| | - Arbi Alaskhanov
- Grozny State Oil Technical University named after acad. M.D. Millionshchikov, 364051 Grozny, Russia
| | - Tamara Murtazaeva
- Grozny State Oil Technical University named after acad. M.D. Millionshchikov, 364051 Grozny, Russia
| | - Roman Fediuk
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Kang G, Cho K, Shin J, Lee S, Lee SB, Woo SH, Lee S, Kim C. Real-time detection of vehicle-originated condensable particulate matter through thermodenuder integrated aerosol measurement method at tailpipes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113487. [PMID: 35594957 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Condensable particulate matter (CPM) corresponds to primary particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) obtained through the condensation of gaseous air pollutants caused by temperature drops in the atmosphere. The internal combustion of vehicle engines can produce CPM because of the condensable compounds in the exhaust gas. Conventional CPM measurement methods have been developed for coal-fired power plants with stable emissions through sampling and off-site analyses. They are therefore unsuitable for detecting the rapidly changing vehicle-originated CPM. In addition, the current system for evaluating PM2.5 from vehicles, based on the particle measurement program (PMP) protocol, provides only the emission factors of total PM2.5 (and not CPM separately) at a fixed temperature (∼25 °C) and dilution ratio (∼ × 35). This study reports, for the first time, the development of a real-time detection method for vehicle-originated CPM through a thermodenuder (TD) integrated with real-time aerosol instruments. This method was designed to reduce the loss of CPM due to condensation and diffusion while sampling the exhaust gas. It permits the investigation of the effects of dilution gas temperature (5-45 °C) and dilution ratio (up to × 30) on the formation of CPM. During the feasibility test of this method using a diesel vehicle (Euro-4), the real-time total particle number concentrations (PNs) matched well with those obtained by a PMP protocol-based evaluation system. Moreover, this method detected PNs concentrations ten times higher than the detection limit (4 × 106 particles/cm3) of the PMP-based system. The emission factors of the total PM2.5 with a bulk density (1 g/cm3) measured by this method also showed consistency with the results of the PMP protocol. The mass emission factor of CPM determined by deploying the TD was ∼14.57 mg/km (∼63% contribution to the total PM2.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Kang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungil Cho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Shin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soodong Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Woo
- Environment System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhwan Lee
- Environment System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyuk Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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