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Zhang L, Pan S, Ouyang Z, Canadell JG, Chang J, Conchedda G, Davidson EA, Lu F, Pan N, Qin X, Shi H, Tubiello FN, Wang X, Zhang Y, Tian H. Global nitrous oxide emissions from livestock manure during 1890-2020: An IPCC tier 2 inventory. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17303. [PMID: 38741339 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from livestock manure contribute significantly to the growth of atmospheric N2O, a powerful greenhouse gas and dominant ozone-depleting substance. Here, we estimate global N2O emissions from livestock manure during 1890-2020 using the tier 2 approach of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Global N2O emissions from livestock manure increased by ~350% from 451 [368-556] Gg N year-1 in 1890 to 2042 [1677-2514] Gg N year-1 in 2020. These emissions contributed ~30% to the global anthropogenic N2O emissions in the decade 2010-2019. Cattle contributed the most (60%) to the increase, followed by poultry (19%), pigs (15%), and sheep and goats (6%). Regionally, South Asia, Africa, and Latin America dominated the growth in global emissions since the 1990s. Nationally, the largest emissions were found in India (329 Gg N year-1), followed by China (267 Gg N year-1), the United States (163 Gg N year-1), Brazil (129 Gg N year-1) and Pakistan (102 Gg N year-1) in the 2010s. We found a substantial impact of livestock productivity, specifically animal body weight and milk yield, on the emission trends. Furthermore, a large spread existed among different methodologies in estimates of global N2O emission from livestock manure, with our results 20%-25% lower than those based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. This study highlights the need for robust time-variant model parameterization and continuous improvement of emissions factors to enhance the precision of emission inventories. Additionally, urgent mitigation is required, as all available inventories indicate a rapid increase in global N2O emissions from livestock manure in recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Earth System Science and Global Sustainability, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shufen Pan
- Center for Earth System Science and Global Sustainability, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Engineering, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhiyun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jinfeng Chang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Giulia Conchedda
- Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric A Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Naiqing Pan
- Center for Earth System Science and Global Sustainability, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Francesco N Tubiello
- Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanqin Tian
- Center for Earth System Science and Global Sustainability, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
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Zhao Y, Liu M, Jiang L, Guan L. Could natural phytochemicals be used to reduce nitrogen excretion and excreta-derived N 2O emissions from ruminants? J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:140. [PMID: 37941085 PMCID: PMC10634152 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminants play a critical role in our food system by converting plant biomass that humans cannot or choose not to consume into edible high-quality food. However, ruminant excreta is a significant source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas with a long-term global warming potential 298 times that of carbon dioxide. Natural phytochemicals or forages containing phytochemicals have shown the potential to improve the efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilization and decrease N2O emissions from the excreta of ruminants. Dietary inclusion of tannins can shift more of the excreted N to the feces, alter the urinary N composition and consequently reduce N2O emissions from excreta. Essential oils or saponins could inhibit rumen ammonia production and decrease urinary N excretion. In grazed pastures, large amounts of glucosinolates or aucubin can be introduced into pasture soils when animals consume plants rich in these compounds and then excrete them or their metabolites in the urine or feces. If inhibitory compounds are excreted in the urine, they would be directly applied to the urine patch to reduce nitrification and subsequent N2O emissions. The phytochemicals' role in sustainable ruminant production is undeniable, but much uncertainty remains. Inconsistency, transient effects, and adverse effects limit the effectiveness of these phytochemicals for reducing N losses. In this review, we will identify some current phytochemicals found in feed that have the potential to manipulate ruminant N excretion or mitigate N2O production and deliberate the challenges and opportunities associated with using phytochemicals or forages rich in phytochemicals as dietary strategies for reducing N excretion and excreta-derived N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Leluo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
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Barczyk L, Kuntu-Blankson K, Calanca P, Six J, Ammann C. N 2O emission factors for cattle urine: effect of patch characteristics and environmental drivers. NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS 2023; 127:173-189. [PMID: 37846228 PMCID: PMC10576711 DOI: 10.1007/s10705-023-10290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Urine patches from grazing cattle are hotspots of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The default IPCC emission factor for urine patches (EFurine) is 0.77% for wet climates and 0.32% for dry climates. However, literature reports a considerable range of cattle urine EF values and urine characteristics used in experimental studies, revealing contrary results on the effects of urine patch characteristics and seasonal pattern. Therefore, we examined N2O emissions and corresponding EFurine values in relation to urine patch characteristics (urine N concentration, urine volume, patch area, urine composition) and environmental drivers (precipitation, water filled pore space, soil temperature). Ten artificial urine application experiments were performed from July 2020 to June 2022 on a pasture located in Eastern Switzerland. Urine N concentration, patch area, volume and urine N composition showed no significant effects on the EFurine value (p > 0.05). EFurine varied, however, strongly over time (0.17-2.05%). A large part of the variation could be predicted either by cumulative precipitation 20 days after urine application using a second order polynomial model (Adj. R2 = 0.60) or average WFPS 30 days after urine application using a linear model (Adj. R2 = 0.45). The derived precipitation model was used to simulate EFurine weekly over the last 20 years showing no significant differences between the seasons of a year. The resulting overall average EFurine was 0.67%. More field studies are needed across sites/regions differing in climate and soil properties to implement a country-specific EF3 for Switzerland and to improve the quantification of N2O emissions at the national scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Barczyk
- Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope Research Station, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kate Kuntu-Blankson
- Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope Research Station, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierluigi Calanca
- Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope Research Station, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan Six
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christof Ammann
- Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope Research Station, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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Vangeli S, Cardenas LM, Posse G, Chadwick DR, Krol DJ, Thorman RE, Lanigan GJ, Misselbrook TH. Revisiting sampling duration to estimate N 2O emission factors for manure application and cattle excreta deposition for the UK and Ireland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 322:116037. [PMID: 36049305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
According to the available guidelines, good practices for calculating nitrous oxide (N2O) emission factors (EFs) for livestock excreta and manure application include that sampling duration should be of at least one year after the nitrogen (N) application or deposition. However, the available experimental data suggest that in many cases most emissions are concentrated in the first months following N application. Therefore resources could be better deployed by measuring more intensively during a shorter period. This study aimed to assess the contribution of the N2O flux in the period directly after N application to the annual net emission. We used a database of 100 year-long plot experiments from different excreted-N sources (dung, urine, farmyard manure and slurry) used to derive EFs for the UK and Ireland. We explored different shorter potential measurement periods that could be used as proxies for cumulative annual emissions. The analysis showed that the majority of emissions occur in the first months after application, especially in experiments that i) had urine as the N source, ii) had spring N application, iii) were conducted on fine-textured soils, or iv) showed high annual emissions magnitude. Experiments that showed a smaller percentage of emissions in the first months also had a low magnitude of annual net emissions (below 370 gN2O-N ha-1 year-1), so the impact of measuring during a shorter period would not greatly influence the calculated EF. Accurate EF estimations were obtained by measuring for at least 60 days for urine (underestimation: 7.1%), 120 days for dung and slurry (4.7 and 5.1%) and 180 days for FYM (1.4%). At least in temperate climates, these results are promising in terms of being able to estimate annual N2O fluxes accurately by collecting data for less than 12 months, with significant resource-saving when conducting experiments towards developing country-specific EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vangeli
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, CIRN, CNIA INTA Castelar, 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Agronomia, Cátedra de Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1417, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura M Cardenas
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
| | - Gabriela Posse
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, CIRN, CNIA INTA Castelar, 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dave R Chadwick
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Dominika J Krol
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils and Land Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Y35 TC97, Ireland
| | - Rachel E Thorman
- ADAS Boxworth, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN, UK
| | - Gary J Lanigan
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils and Land Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Y35 TC97, Ireland
| | - Tom H Misselbrook
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
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Lyu X, Ke H. Dynamic Threshold Effect of Directed Technical Change Suppress on Urban Carbon Footprint in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095151. [PMID: 35564546 PMCID: PMC9105821 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Promoting technical change is an important driving force for promoting the sustainable development of urban economy and ecology; however, the technical change is not always neutral and technical change may has a certain direction. This paper uses the DEA-Malmquist index to measure the directed technical change of 280 cities in China from 2009 to 2019, and uses the DMSP/OLS night light data to characterize the urban economic development level. It uses the dynamic threshold regression model to analyze the impact of directed technical change on urban carbon footprint under different economic development levels. The results show that: (1) during the study period, the carbon footprint of Chinese cities has a positive spatial correlation, and the direction of technical change is towards capital-saving overall. (2) The impact of capital-saving technical change on urban carbon footprint presents a negative double-threshold characteristic in China, and the inhibition of capital-saving technical change on the urban carbon footprint becomes stronger with the increasing economic development level. (3) The inhibitory effect of capital-saving technical change on carbon footprint has regional heterogeneity, and the inhibitory effect of capital-saving technical change on carbon footprint is stronger in eastern China than other regions. (4) Industrial structure, energy structure and innovation efficiency are mediating variables of the inhibitory effect of capital-saving technical change on carbon footprint except for population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lyu
- Fanli Business School, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China;
| | - Haiqian Ke
- Fanli Business School, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China;
- Institute of Central China Development, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence:
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