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Della Torre C, Villa S, Chiarore A, Cannavacciuolo A, Rizzi C, Musco L, Nigro L, Munari M. Biomonitoring of human activities recovery following lockdown in a highly touristic Mediterranean Island using Mytilus galloprovincialis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 204:116533. [PMID: 38833949 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Coastal waters face significant anthropogenic stress, particularly from tourism, exacerbating pollution, especially in areas like touristic islands. Ischia, the largest island in the Gulf of Naples and part of the Regno di Nettuno Marine Protected Area, suffers from pollution due to tourism and maritime traffic. During the initial SARS-CoV-2 lockdown from March to June 2020, Ischia was isolated, providing a unique opportunity to study pollutant release and its impact on coastal ecosystems. Adult Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels were transplanted to three sites on the island for active biomonitoring. Accumulation of chemicals in tissues and biomarkers related to metabolism, detoxification, and oxidative stress were measured. Results indicated that pollutants from daily activities entered the sea, affecting filter feeders. Translocated organisms showed modulated metabolic functions and biochemical changes, highlighting coastal vulnerability and calling for conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Della Torre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy; Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Villa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Chiarore
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Cristiana Rizzi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Musco
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lara Nigro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Munari
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy; Department of Biology, Stazione Idrobiologica 'Umberto d'Ancona', University of Padova, Chioggia, Italy.
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Li X, Xu J, Bi Z, Bian J, Huang J, Guo Z, Xiao Q, Sha Y, Ji J, Zhu T, Lu S. Concentrations, sources and health risk of bisphenols in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) from South-Eastern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142187. [PMID: 38685327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogs (BPs) are extensively employed in commercial and industrial products and they have been found in a variety of environmental matrices and human samples. The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) has been a trendy food in China in recent decades. However, the levels of BPs in Chinese crayfish and the associated hazards of human exposure remain unknown. Thus, in this study, the levels of eight BPs in crayfish gathered from five major provinces engaged in crayfish within the Yangtze River Basin were analyzed. Additionally, the health risks for humans by ingesting crayfish were calculated. BPs were frequently detected in crayfish tissues, indicating the wide occurrence of these chemicals. In comparison to other substitutions, BPA remains the dominant bisphenol analog. Most of the BPs were observed to accumulate in the hepatopancreas compared to the muscle, so consuming the hepatopancreas of crayfish is not recommended. With the exception of BPS, the Estimated Daily Intakes (EDIs) of the remaining BPs exceeded the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) specified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) by a factor of 1.75-69.0. The mean hazard index (HI) values exceeded 1 for both hepatopancreas and muscle in all provinces, and the mean HI values for hepatopancreas were significantly higher than those for muscle, indicating potential health risks for local consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhuochang Bi
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Junye Bian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiayin Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhihui Guo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qinru Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yujie Sha
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Morales M, Arp HPH, Castro G, Asimakopoulos AG, Sørmo E, Peters G, Cherubini F. Eco-toxicological and climate change effects of sludge thermal treatments: Pathways towards zero pollution and negative emissions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134242. [PMID: 38626686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The high moisture content and the potential presence of hazardous organic compounds (HOCs) and metals (HMs) in sewage sludge (SS) pose technical and regulatory challenges for its circular economy valorisation. Thermal treatments are expected to reduce the volume of SS while producing energy and eliminating HOCs. In this study, we integrate quantitative analysis of SS concentration of 12 HMs and 61 HOCs, including organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), with life-cycle assessment to estimate removal efficiency of pollutants, climate change mitigation benefits and toxicological effects of existing and alternative SS treatments (involving pyrolysis, incineration, and/or anaerobic digestion). Conventional SS treatment leaves between 24 % and 40 % of OPFRs unabated, while almost no degradation occurs for PFAS. Thermal treatments can degrade more than 93% of target OPFRs and 95 % of target PFAS (with the rest released to effluents). The different treatments affect how HMs are emitted across environmental compartments. Conventional treatments also show higher climate change impacts than thermal treatments. Overall, thermal treatments can effectively reduce the HOCs emitted to the environment while delivering negative emissions (from about -56 to -111 kg CO2-eq per tonne of sludge, when pyrolysis is involved) and producing renewable energy from heat integration and valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Morales
- Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol), Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), 0886 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriela Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Erlend Sørmo
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), 0886 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Gregory Peters
- Division of Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE 412 96, Sweden
| | - Francesco Cherubini
- Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol), Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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Gonkowski S, Martín J, Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E, Pomianowski A, Könyves L, Rytel L. Biomonitoring of benzophenones in guano samples of wild bats in Poland. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301727. [PMID: 38593171 PMCID: PMC11003676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are substances used in the production of sunscreens, cosmetics, and personal care products. However, there is a lack of knowledge of BPs in wild animals. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the concentration of selected BPs commonly used in the cosmetic industry in guano samples collected from 4 colonies of greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis). Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine guano concentrations of benzophenone 1 (BP-1), benzophenone 2 (BP-2), benzophenone 3 (BP-3) and benzophenone 8 (BP-8). BP-1 levels above the method quantification limit (MQL) were noted in 97.5% of samples and fluctuated from <0.1 ng/g to 259 ng/g (mean 41.50 ng/g, median 34.8). The second most common was BP-3, which fluctuated from <0.1 ng/g to 19 ng/g (mean 6.67 ng/g, median 5.05), and its levels higher than MQL were observed in 40% of samples. BP-2 and BP-8 concentrations did not exceed the method detection limit (0.04 ng/g) in any analyzed sample. There were visible differences in the BP-1 and BP-3 levels among the studied bat colonies. Mean BP-1 concentration fluctuated from 11.23±13.13 ng/g to 76.71±65.51 ng/g and differed significantly between the colonies. Mean BP-3 concentration fluctuated from 5.03±6.03 ng/g to 9.18±7.65 mg/g, but it did not differ significantly between the colonies. The results show that guano is a suitable matrix for the assessment of wildlife exposure to BPs. This could be particularly advantageous in protected species, where not disturbing and stressing the animals are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrzej Pomianowski
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - László Könyves
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Hubert M, Arp HPH, Hansen MC, Castro G, Meyn T, Asimakopoulos AG, Hale SE. Influence of grain size, organic carbon and organic matter residue content on the sorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous film forming foam contaminated soils - Implications for remediation using soil washing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162668. [PMID: 36894086 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A soil that was historically contaminated with Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) was dry sieved into size fractions representative of those produced during soil washing. Batch sorption tests were then conducted to investigate the effect of soil parameters on in situ per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) sorption of these different size fractions: < 0.063 mm, 0.063 to 0.5 mm, 0.5 to 2 mm, 2 to 4 mm, 4 to 8 mm, and soil organic matter residues (SOMR). PFOS (513 ng/g), 6:2 FTS (132 ng/g) and PFHxS (58 ng/g) were the most dominant PFAS in the AFFF contaminated soil. Non-spiked, in situ Kd values for 19 PFAS ranged from 0.2 to 138 L/Kg (log Kd -0.8 to 2.14) for the bulk soil and were dependant on the head group and perfluorinated chain length (spanning C4 to C13). The Kd values increased with decreasing grain size and increasing organic carbon content (OC), which were correlated to each other. For example, the PFOS Kd value for silt and clay (< 0.063 mm, 17.1 L/Kg, log Kd 1.23) were approximately 30 times higher compared to the gravel fraction (4 to 8 mm, 0.6 L/Kg, log Kd -0.25). The highest PFOS Kd value (116.6 L/Kg, log Kd 2.07) was found for the SOMR fraction, which had the highest OC content. Koc values for PFOS ranged from 6.9 L/Kg (log Koc 0.84) for the gravel fraction to 1906 L/Kg (log Koc 3.28) for the silt and clay, indicating that the mineral composition of the different size fractions also influenced sorption. The results here emphasize the need to separate coarse-grained fractions and fine-grained fractions, and in particular the SOMR, to optimize the soil washing process. Higher Kd values for the smaller size fractions indicate that coarser soils are better suited for soil washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Hubert
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gabriela Castro
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Meyn
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
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Castro G, Sørmo E, Yu G, Sait STL, González SV, Arp HPH, Asimakopoulos AG. Analysis, occurrence and removal efficiencies of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in sludge undergoing anaerobic digestion followed by diverse thermal treatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161856. [PMID: 36708840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are a complex group of contaminants to deal with in sewage sludge, as currently there is a lack of robust analytical methods to measure them and management strategies to remove them. To facilitate quantifications of the occurrence of OPFRs in sludge and to establish their removal efficiencies (REs%) during thermal treatments, a simple, reliable, and rapid sample preparation methodology was developed for the determination of 21 OPFRs in diverse sludge, ash and biochar matrices. Matrix-solid phase dispersion (MSPD) tailored to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was applied. Under optimal conditions, 0.5 g of freeze-dried sample were dispersed in 2 g of Bondesil C18, and 1.5 g of deactivated florisil were used as clean-up sorbent. The target analytes were extracted with 5 mL of acetone. The obtained extract was ready for analysis within 20 min without the need of any further treatment. The proposed methodology was assessed, providing absolute recoveries (Abs%) ranging from 50.4 to 112 % with good method repeatability (RSDs <17.9 %). Method limits of quantification ranged from 0.10 to 14.0 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.). The optimized methodology was applied to raw-, digested-, combusted and pyrolyzed sludge samples collected from different waste treatment plants located in Norway, where 16 out of 21 OPFRs were detected in digested sludge samples up to 2186 ng g-1 (d.w.; sum concentration of OPFRs). Diverse thermal treatments of combustion and dry pyrolysis were assessed for the removal of OPFRs from sludge. Combustion at 300 °C reduced the concentrations of OPFRs by 98 % (in the ashes formed), whereas pyrolysis at temperatures >500 °C effectively removed the OPFRs in the produced biochar. Thermal treatments, in particularly dry pyrolysis, showed potential for achieving zero pollution management and recycling of OPFR contaminated sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erlend Sørmo
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Guanhua Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shannen T L Sait
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susana V González
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Wu X, Li S, Zhang M, Bai S, Ni Y, Xu Q, Fan Y, Lu C, Xu Z, Ji C, Du G, Qin Y. Early-life bisphenol AP exposure impacted neurobehaviors in adulthood through microglial activation in mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137935. [PMID: 36696922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol AP (BPAP), a structural analog of bisphenol A (BPA), has been widely detected in environment and biota. BPAP was reported to interfere with hormone and metabolism, while limited data were available about its effects on neurobehavior, especially exposure to it during early-life time. A mouse model of early-life BPAP exposure was established to evaluate the long-term neurobehaviors in offspring. Collectively, early-life BPAP exposure caused anxiety-like behaviors and impaired learning and memory in adult offspring. Through brain bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), we found differential expressed genes were enriched in pathways related to behaviors and neurodevelopment, which were consistent with the observed phenotype. Besides, single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) showed BPAP exposure altered the transcriptome of microglia in hippocampus. Mechanistically, BPAP exposure induced inflammations in hippocampus through upregulating Iba-1 and activating the microglia. In addition, we observed that BPAP exposure could activate peripheral immunity and promote proportion of macrophages and activation of dendritic cells in the offspring. In conclusion, early-life exposure to BPAP impaired neurobehaviors in adult offspring accompanied with excessive activation of hippocampal microglia. Our findings provide new clues to the underlying mechanisms of BPAP's neurotoxic effects and therefore more cautions should be taken about BPAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Wu
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Microbiology and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Microbiology and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijia Zhang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Microbiology and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengjun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Microbiology and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyue Ni
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Microbiology and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guizhen Du
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yufeng Qin
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Microbiology and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Benzophenones in the Environment: Occurrence, Fate and Sample Preparation in the Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031229. [PMID: 36770896 PMCID: PMC9920342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of emerging contaminants in the environment is an issue of great concern. Notably, for some of them, no established regulation exists. Benzophenones are listed as emerging contaminants, which have been identified in the environment as well as in human fluids, such as urine, placenta, and breast milk. Their accumulation and stability in the environment, combined with the revealed adverse effects on ecosystems including endocrine, reproductive, and other disorders, have triggered significant interest for research. Benzophenones should be extracted from environmental samples and determined for environmental-monitoring purposes to assess their presence and possible dangers. Numerous sample preparation methods for benzophenones in environmental matrices and industrial effluents have been proposed and their detection in more complex matrices, such as fish and sludges, has also been reported. These methods range from classical to more state-of-the-art methods, such as solid-phase extraction, dispersive SPE, LLE, SBSE, etc., and the analysis is mostly completed with liquid chromatography, using several detection modes. This review critically outlines sample preparation methods that have been proposed to date, for the extraction of benzophenones from simple and complex environmental matrices and for cleaning up sample extracts to eliminate potential interfering components that coexist therein. Moreover, it provides a brief overview of their occurrence, fate, and toxicity.
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Fourie AJ, Uren RC, Marlin D, Bouwman H. Metals and co-presence of other pollutants in mussels (Perna perna) around Algoa Bay: Human consumption safety concerns. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114345. [PMID: 36410201 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated metal concentrations can become harmful to marine organisms and to humans that consume them. Metal concentrations at multiple sites around Algoa Bay, South Africa, were last investigated in the 1980s. We collected wild brown mussels (Perna perna) from seven sites around Algoa Bay, and quantified metallic elements using ICPMS. Metallic element concentrations differed significantly among the sampling sites and correlated with pollution sources at specific sites. The concentration of Pb in mussels at one site slightly exceeded South African limits. Based on the South African estimated daily intake, the target hazard quotient, and South African metal limits, mussels from Algoa Bay are safe for human consumption, except possibly from one site. However, combined with data on bisphenols and benzophenone UV filters in P. perna from the same sites, we suggest a possible health concern to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarein J Fourie
- Sustainable Seas Trust, 222 Main Road, Walmer, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa.
| | - Ryan C Uren
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Danica Marlin
- Sustainable Seas Trust, 222 Main Road, Walmer, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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