1
|
Zhou N, Xiao Z, Chen D. Formation/characterization of humin-mediated anaerobic granular sludge and enhanced methanogenic performance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 399:130603. [PMID: 38499204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a novel method for accelerating the granulation of methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor using solid-phase humin (HM). The results demonstrated that HM-mediated AnGS (HM-AnGS) formed rapidly within 50 days. The increase in particle size, settling velocity and mechanical strength was attributed to the rapid granulation of the HM-AnGS. The maximum methane yield of the HM-AnGS was 5-fold higher than that of the control group. This is consistent with the findings, which showed that HM-AnGS had 3.2-3.4 times more methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr) activity and 2.4-2.9 times more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) than control groups. Molecular analyses indicate that HM most likely accelerated interspecies electron transfer (IET) in HM-AnGS (e.g., from Enterococcus to Methanosaeta). Furthermore, the HM-AnGS was effective in recovering energy from actual slaughterhouse wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningli Zhou
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Zhixing Xiao
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng G, Chen D, Zhang D, Li H, Du K, Zhang L. The effect of reflux ratio on sulfur disproportionation tendency in anaerobic baffled reactor with the heterotrophic combining sulfur autotrophic processes under high concentration perchlorate stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25929-25939. [PMID: 38488916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In a laboratory scale, an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) consisting of eight compartments, the heterotrophic combining sulfur autotrophic processes under different reflux ratios were constructed to achieve effective perchlorate removal and alleviate sulfur disproportionation reaction. Perchlorate was efficiently removed with effluent perchlorate concentration below 0.5 μg/L when the influent perchlorate concentration was 1030 mg/L during stages I ~ V, indicating that heterotrophic combining sulfur autotrophic perchlorate reduction processes can effectively achieve high concentration perchlorate removal. Furthermore, the 100% reflux ratio could reduce the contact time between sulfur particles and water; thus, the sulfur disproportionation reaction was inhibited. However, the inhibition effect of reflux on sulfur disproportionation was attenuated due to dilute perchlorate concentration when a reflux ratio of 150% and 200% was implemented. Meanwhile, the content of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the heterotrophic unit (36.79 ~ 45.71 mg/g VSS) was higher than that in the sulfur autotrophic unit (22.19 ~ 25.77 mg/g VSS), indicating that high concentration perchlorate stress in the heterotrophic unit promoted EPS secretion. Thereinto, the PN content of sulfur autotrophic unit decreased in stage III and stage V due to decreasing perchlorate concentration in the autotrophic unit. Meanwhile, the PS content increased with increasing reflux in the autotrophic unit, which was conducive to the formation of biofilm. Furthermore, the high-throughput sequencing result showed that Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla and Longilinea, Diaphorobacter, Acinetobacter, and Nitrobacter were the dominant genus in ABR, which were associated with heterotrophic or autotrophic perchlorate reduction and beneficial for effective perchlorate removal. The study indicated that reflux was a reasonable strategy for alleviating sulfur disproportionation in heterotrophic combining sulfur autotrophic perchlorate removal processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Cheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Denghui Chen
- Beijing Enterprises Water Group (China) Investment Limited, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Daohong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haibo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Du
- China Energy Conservation and Environmental Group, Co., Ltd., Beijing, Beijing, 100082, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shandong Hualing Technology Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Dongying, 257000, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng M, Fu HM, Mao Z, Yan P, Weng X, Ma TF, Xu XW, Guo JS, Fang F, Chen YP. Motility behavior and physiological response mechanisms of aerobic denitrifier, Enterobacter cloacae strain HNR under high salt stress: Insights from individual cells to populations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:170002. [PMID: 38220024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The motility behaviors at the individual-cell level and the collective physiological responsive behaviors of aerobic denitrifier, Enterobacter cloacae strain HNR under high salt stress were investigated. The results revealed that as salinity increased, electron transport activity and adenosine triphosphate content decreased from 15.75 μg O2/g/min and 593.51 mM/L to 3.27 μg O2/g/min and 5.34 mM/L, respectively, at 40 g/L, leading to a reduction in the rotation velocity and vibration amplitude of strain HNR. High salinity stress (40 g/L) down-regulated genes involved in ABC transporters (amino acids, sugars, metal ions, and inorganic ions) and activated the biofilm-related motility regulation mechanism in strain HNR, resulting in a further decrease in flagellar motility capacity and an increase in extracellular polymeric substances secretion (4.08 mg/g cell of PS and 40.03 mg/g cell of PN at 40 g/L). These responses facilitated biofilm formation and proved effective in countering elevated salt stress in strain HNR. Moreover, the genetic diversity associated with biofilm-related motility regulation in strain HNR enhanced the adaptability and stability of the strain HNR populations to salinity stress. This study enables a deeper understanding of the response mechanism of aerobic denitrifiers to high salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Hui-Min Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Zheng Mao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xun Weng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - You-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Guo T, Li H, Zhang D, Hou Y, Han Y, Song Y, Guo J. A novel sulfur autotrophic denitrification in-situ coupled sequencing batch reactor system to treat low carbon to nitrogen ratio municipal wastewater: Performance, niche equilibrium and pollutant removal mechanisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129609. [PMID: 37597571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel integrated sulfur fixed-film activated sludge in SBR system (IS0FAS-SBR) was proposed to treat the low C/N ratio municipal wastewater. The effluent total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and PO43--P decreased from 17 mg/L and 3.5 mg/L to 8.5 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L, and higher nitrogen removal efficiency was contributed by the autotrophic denitrification. Microbial response characteristics showed that catalase (CAT), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) alleviated the oxidative stress of sulfur carrier to maintain cell activity, while metabolic activity analysis indicated that the electron transfer rate was enhanced to improve mixotrophic denitrification efficiency. Meanwhile, the increased key enzyme activities further facilitated nitrogen removal and sulfur oxidation process. Additionally, the microbial community, functional proteins and genes revealed a niche equilibrium of C, N, S metabolic bacteria. Sulfur autotrophic in-situ coupled SBR system enlarged a promising strategy for treatment of low C/N ratio municipal wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Daohong Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yi Han
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jianbo Guo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stein N, Goswami A, Goel R. Anoxic granular activated sludge process for simultaneous removal of hazardous perchlorate and nitrate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131809. [PMID: 37343405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
An airtight, anoxic bubble-column sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was developed for the rapid cultivation of perchlorate (ClO4-) and nitrate (NO3-) reducing granular sludge (GS) in this study. Feast/famine conditions and shear force selection pressures in tandem with a short settling time (2-min) as a hydraulic section pressure resulted in the accelerated formation of anoxic granular activated sludge (AxGS). ClO4- and NO3- were efficiently (>99.9%) reduced over long-term (>500-d) steady-state operation. Specific NO3- reduction, ClO4- reduction, chloride production, and non-purgeable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) oxidation rates of 5.77 ± 0.54 mg NO3--N/g VSS·h, 8.13 ± 0.74 mg ClO4-/g VSS·h, 2.40 ± 0.40 mg Cl-/g VSS·h, and 16.0 ± 0.06 mg DOC/g VSS·h were recorded within the reactor under steady-state conditions, respectively. The AxGS biomass cultivated in this study exhibited faster specific ClO4- reduction, NO3- reduction, and DOC oxidation rates than flocculated biomass cultivated under similar conditions and AxGS biomass operated in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blank (UASB) bioreactor receiving the same influent loading. EPS peptide identification revealed a suite of extracellular catabolic enzymes. Dechloromonas species were present in high abundance throughout the entirety of this study. This is one of the initial studies on anoxic granulation to simultaneously treat hazardous chemicals and adds to the science of the granular activated sludge process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anjan Goswami
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shu X, Yang M, Lin H, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Liu J, Zhang X, Pan F, Xu L. Oxalic-activated minerals enhance the stabilization of polypropylene and polyamide microplastics in soil: Crucial roles of mineral dissolution coupled surface oxygen-functional groups. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162563. [PMID: 36870511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) prevalent in soil environments may influence the transport, fate, and orientation of microplastics (MPs) by mediating mineral interfaces. Nevertheless, few studies have reported their impact on the environmental behavior of MPs in soil. Here, the functional regulation of oxalic at mineral interfaces and its stabilizing mechanism for MPs were investigated. The results showed that oxalic drove MPs stability onto minerals and new adsorption pathways, which are dependent on the bifunctionality of minerals induced by oxalic acid. Besides, our findings reveal that in the absence of oxalic acid, the stability of hydrophilic and hydrophobic MPs on kaolinite (KL) mainly displays hydrophobic dispersion, whereas electrostatic interaction is dominant on ferric sesquioxide (FS). Moreover, the amide functional groups ([NHCO]) of PA-MPs may have positive feedback on the stability of MPs. In the presence of oxalic acid (2-100 mM), the MPs stability efficiency and property onto minerals were integrally increased in batch studies. Our results demonstrate the oxalic acid-activated interfacial interaction of minerals via dissolution coupled O-functional groups. Oxalic-induced functionality at mineral interfaces further activates electrostatic interaction, cation bridge effect, hydrogen forces, ligand exchange and hydrophobicity. These findings provide new insights into the regulating mechanisms of oxalic-activated mineral interfacial properties for environmental behavior of emerging pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Shu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, PR China
| | - Minghao Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, PR China
| | - Haiyang Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, PR China.
| | - Lishan Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, PR China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, PR China
| | - Fujing Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, PR China
| | - Lizhen Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li H, Zhang J, Zhang C, Song Y, Han Y, Hou Y, Zhang D, Li C, Wang Y, Guo J. Responses of anammox and sulfur/pyrite autotrophic denitrification in one-stage system to high nitrogen load: Performance, metabolic and bacterial community. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 332:117427. [PMID: 36738723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To remove residual nitrate from anammox process and achieve efficient nitrogen removal, a two-stage system (TAS) with the two individual reactors and a one-stage system (OAS) with the spatial functional areas in one reactor were established via anammox coupling sulfur autotrophic denitrification. The total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) of OAS system (97.85 ± 1.92%) was higher than that of TAS system (93.63 ± 1.87%) under the influent NH4+-N and NO2--N of 227 and 300 mg/L. Meanwhile, the responses of microbial metabolism to high nitrogen load were investigated in term of microbial metabolites, electron transfer and metabolic activity. Microbial metabolites characteristics demonstrated that the OAS system secreted more EPS with lower protein (PN)/polysaccharide (PS) ratio than that in the TAS system, which was beneficial to protect bacteria from high nitrogen load. Electrochemical analysis suggested that the secretion of electron conductive substance (such as PN, PS) and redox active substances (such as flavin mononucleotide, the binding of flavins and cytochrome c on the outer membrane) were increased in the OAS system, which promoted the electron transfer efficiency. Moreover, the electron transport system activity (ETSA) values and ATP contents in OAS system were higher than that in the TAS system, which indicated that metabolic activity was improved in OAS system under the stimulation of high nitrogen load. Additionally, the bacterial community analysis indicated that the functional bacteria of Candidatus_Kuenenia and Armatimonadetes_gp5 had higher abundance in the OAS system than that in the TAS system, which was beneficial to realize the stable nitrogen removal performance. Overall, the responses mechanism of the OAS system was established to explain the resistant to high nitrogen load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Tianjin Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Nankai, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Yi Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Yanan Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Daohong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Chaocan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Jianbo Guo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar KS, Kavitha S, Parameswari K, Sakunthala A, Sathishkumar P. Environmental occurrence, toxicity and remediation of perchlorate - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137017. [PMID: 36377118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4-) comes under the class of contaminants called the emerging contaminants that will impact environment in the near future. A strong oxidizer by nature, perchlorate has received significant observation due to its occurrence, reactive nature, and persistence in varied environments such as surface water, groundwater, soil, and food. Perchlorate finds its use in number of industrial products ranging from missile fuel, fertilizers, and fireworks. Perchlorate exposure occurs when naturally occurring or manmade perchlorate in water or food is ingested. Perchlorate ingestion affects iodide absorption into the thyroid, thereby causing a decrease in the synthesis of thyroid hormone, a very crucial component needed for metabolism, neural development, and a number of other physiological functions in the body. Perchlorate remediation from ground water and drinking water is carried out through a series of physical-chemical techniques like ion (particle) transfer and reverse osmosis. However, the generation of waste through these processes are difficult to manage, so the need for alternative treatment methods occur. This review talks about the hybrid technologies that are currently researched and gaining momentum in the treatment of emerging contaminants, namely perchlorate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbiah Kavitha
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kalivel Parameswari
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayyasamy Sakunthala
- Solid State Ionics Lab, Department of Applied Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Green Lab, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India.
| |
Collapse
|