Unpacking the inter- and intra-urban differences of the association between health and exposure to heat and air quality in Australia using global and local machine learning models

Passive sampling of high production volume chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmospheres near petrochemical sites: Uptake rate determination and application

This study describes the use of passive sampling followed by pressurised liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for monitoring high production volume chemicals (HPVCs), such as benzothiazoles, benzesulfonamides, phthalate esters (PAEs), organophosphate esters, ultraviolet stabilizers, and phenolic antioxidants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban atmospheres close to a petrochemical area. To obtain accurate results when applying passive sampling, the uptake rates of each target compound for the sampling time applied must be known. Firstly, passive sampling was calibrated for two months and uptake rates of HPVCs and PAHs in an urban atmosphere determined using active sampling as the reference method. The obtained results showed experimental diffusive uptake rates between 1.6 m3 day-1 and 27 m3 day-1 for 32 of the target compounds that will allow enable cost-effective long-term monitoring campaigns of HPVCs to be performed. Secondly, the experimentally obtained uptake rates were used to monitor the concentrations of HPVCs and PAHs at six urban sampling sites close to the two petrochemicals parks in Tarragona (Spain) during a period the two months. Regardless of the sampling campaign, PAEs and PAHs were the families of compounds found at the highest concentration levels, with a sum of their mean values of 23 ng m-3 and 20 ng m-3, respectively.

Occurrence of high production volume chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban sites close to industrial areas. Human exposure and risk assessment

Evaluating the occurrence of high production volume chemicals (HPVCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air is important because they carry a carcinogenic risk and can lead to respiratory or endocrine problems. Examples of HPVCs are organophosphate esters, benzosulfonamides, benzothiazoles, phthalate esters (PAEs), phenolic antioxidants and ultraviolet stabilizers. In this paper we develop a multi-residue method for determining HPVCs and PAHs in air samples via pressurized liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Air samples were collected by active sampling with high volume samplers using quartz fiber filter for the particulate matter (PM10) and polyurethane foams for gas phase. The compounds found at the highest concentrations were PAEs, with a concentration of up to 24 ng m-3 of DEHP in gas phase and up to 109 ng m-3 of DEHA in PM10. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment results ranged from 9.7E-05 to 9.5E-03 for most of the compounds studied. On the other hand, the results for carcinogenic risk showed that PAHs made the highest contribution.

"Urban-Satellite" estimates in the ABCD Study: Linking Neuroimaging and Mental Health to Satellite Imagery Measurements of Macro Environmental Factors

While numerous studies over the last decade have highlighted the important influence of environmental factors on mental health, globally applicable data on physical surroundings are still limited. Access to such data and the possibility to link them to epidemiological studies is critical to unlocking the relationship of environment, brain and behaviour and promoting positive future mental health outcomes. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is the largest ongoing longitudinal and observational study exploring brain development and child health among children from 21 sites across the United States. Here we describe the linking of the ABCD study data with satellite-based "Urban-Satellite" (UrbanSat) variables consisting of 11 satellite-data derived environmental indicators associated with each subject's residential address at their baseline visit, including land cover and land use, nighttime lights, and population characteristics. We present these UrbanSat variables and provide a review of the current literature that links environmental indicators with mental health, as well as key aspects that must be considered when using satellite data for mental health research. We also highlight and discuss significant links of the satellite data variables to the default mode network clustering coefficient and cognition. This comprehensive dataset provides the foundation for large-scale environmental epidemiology research.