Hereditary hemochromatosis is associated with increased use of joint replacement surgery: Results of a nationwide analysis

Hemochromatosis

Hemochromatosis is an inheritable condition that mainly affects White populations of European descent. Most patients remain asymptomatic, but others develop advanced organ damage that reduces quality of life and long-term survival. Arthropathy, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and cardiomyopathy are key clinical manifestations. Primary care and hospital medicine physicians play an essential role in early identification of this disease, which can be accomplished via standard hematologic testing. Early diagnosis and therapeutic phlebotomy improve clinical outcomes.

Effects of Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Magnesium on Chronic Widespread Pain: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization

Background: Chronic widespread pain (CWP) affects approximately 10% of the adult population globally, causing significant physical and psychological distress. Micronutrients, such as iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium, are essential in various physiological functions, and their imbalances may impact pain perception and chronic pain conditions. Methods: This study used Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal relationships between micronutrient levels and CWP. Data were obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium, and CWP data were sourced from large-scale GWASs with 461,857 European participants. Genetic variants were used as instrumental variables to infer causal relationships, minimizing confounding factors. Results: MR analysis revealed a significant association between higher iron levels and an increased risk of CWP (IVW, OR 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.01, p = 0.029). This finding was supported by the weighted median and MR-Egger methods. No significant associations were found for copper, zinc, and magnesium levels. Conclusions: These results suggest that iron levels may influence pain perception and chronic pain conditions. Balanced iron levels are crucial for managing chronic pain. Regular monitoring and personalized treatment plans could benefit individuals with CWP. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms linking micronutrient levels to chronic pain and to develop targeted therapeutic interventions.

Hemochromatosis Genetic Variants and Musculoskeletal Outcomes: 11.5-Year Follow-Up in the UK Biobank Cohort Study

The iron overload disorder hemochromatosis is primarily caused by the homozygous HFE p.C282Y variant, but the scale of excess related musculoskeletal morbidity is uncertain. We estimated hemochromatosis-genotype associations with clinically diagnosed musculoskeletal outcomes and joint replacement surgeries in the UK Biobank community cohort. A total of 451,143 European ancestry participants (40 to 70 years at baseline) were followed in hospital records (mean 11.5-years). Cox proportional hazards models estimated HFE p.C282Y and p.H63D associations with incident outcomes. Male p.C282Y homozygotes (n = 1294) had increased incidence of osteoarthritis (n = 52, hazard ratio [HR]: 2.12 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.61 to 2.80]; p = 8.8 × 10-8), hip replacement (n = 88, HR: 1.84 [95% CI: 1.49 to 2.27]; p = 1.6 × 10-8), knee replacement (n = 61, HR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.20 to 1.98]; p = 8.4 × 10-4), and ankle and shoulder replacement, compared to males with no HFE mutations. Cumulative incidence analysis, using Kaplan-Meier lifetable probabilities demonstrated 10.4% of male homozygotes were projected to develop osteoarthritis and 15.5% to have hip replacements by age 75, versus 5.0% and 8.7% respectively without mutations. Male p.C282Y homozygotes also had increased incidence of femoral fractures (n = 15, HR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.03 to 2.87]; p = 0.04) and osteoporosis (n = 21, HR: 1.71 [95% CI: 1.11 to 2.64]; p = 0.02), although the latter association was limited to those with liver fibrosis/cirrhosis diagnoses. Female p.C282Y homozygotes had increased incidence of osteoarthritis only (n = 57, HR: 1.46, [95% CI: 1.12 to 1.89]; p = 0.01). Male p.C282Y/p.H63D compound heterozygotes experienced a modest increased risk of hip replacements (n = 234, HR: 1.17 [95% CI: 1.02 to 1.33], p = 0.02), but this did not pass multiple testing corrections. In this large community cohort, the p.C282Y homozygote genotype was associated with substantial excess musculoskeletal morbidity in males. Wider HFE genotype testing may be justified, including in orthopedic clinics serving higher HFE variant prevalence populations. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Postoperative Complications in Patients With Hereditary Hemochromatosis Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Matched Cohort Analysis

AIMS

The purpose of this study is to determine differences in the rates of 90-day postoperative complications and 2- and 5-year surgical outcomes between patients with and without hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).

METHODS

Patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) from 2010 to 2018 were identified in a national database (PearlDiver Technologies) using Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases-9/10 codes. Patients with a history of HH were identified within the THA and TKA cohorts and matched with non-HH patients based on age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, smoking status, and obesity (body mass index > 30). Ninety-day medical complications assessed included renal failure, arrhythmia, bleeding complications, blood transfusion, pneumonia, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, liver failure, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, sepsis, surgical site infection, wound dehiscence, readmission rate, and death. Two- and 5-year surgical complications assessed included all-cause revision, prosthetic joint infection, implant loosening, joint stiffness, and manipulation under anesthesia. All complications were analyzed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression, with significance set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Compared with non-HH patients, patients with HH had higher rates of stiffness at 2 and 5 years after THA (all, P < 0.001), as well as higher rates of aseptic loosening at 5 years after TKA (P = 0.036). However, patients with HH undergoing THA and TKA had no notable difference in 90-day postoperative complications when compared with non-HH patients.

DISCUSSION

Compared with non-HH patients, patients with HH undergoing TJA were shown to have worse 2- and 5-year surgical outcomes, without any increased risk of 90-day medical complications. These findings may be useful for surgical decision making for patients with HH undergoing TJA.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

This study addresses a paucity in the current literature concerning the complication profile in HH patients with destructive joint arthropathy undergoing joint arthroplasty surgery.

The Role of the Trabecular Bone Score in the Assessment of Osteoarticular Disorders in Patients with HFE-Hemochromatosis: A Single-Center Study from Poland

Type 1 hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal, recessive genetic entity with systemic iron overload. Iron homeostasis disorders develop as a result of HFE gene mutations, which are associated with hepcidin arthropathy or osteoporosis and may cause permanent disability in HH patients despite a properly conducted treatment with phlebotomies. In this study, selected parameters of calcium and phosphate metabolism were analyzed in combination with the assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) disorders in patients from northern Poland with clinically overt HFE-HH. BMD was determined by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) test with the use of the trabecular bone score (TBS) function. The study included 29 HH patients (mean age = 53.14 years) who were compared with 20 healthy volunteers. A significantly lower TBS parameter and serum 25-OH-D3 concentration, a higher concentration of intact parathormone and more a frequent occurrence of joint pain were found in HH patients compared with the control group. In HH patients, the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was associated with lower serum 25-OH-D3 and osteocalcin concentrations. In HH, DXA with the TBS option is a valuable tool in the early assessment of the bone microarchitecture and fracture risk. A supplementation of vitamin D, monitoring its concentration, should be considered especially in HH patients with liver damage and liver cirrhosis.

Bone and joint complications in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis: a cross-sectional study of 93 patients

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and characteristics of bone and joint complications, specifically bone fragility, joint replacement surgery, and arthropathy, in hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and related factors.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional observational study of 93 patients with HH. Radiographs of the hands, wrists, knees, and ankles were scored for joint space narrowing, erosions and cysts, osteophytes, and chondrocalcinosis. Prevalent (vertebral and non-vertebral) fragility fractures were recorded and bone mineral density (BMD) was systematically evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone fragility was defined as (i) a T-score ⩽ -2.5 at any site with or without a prevalent fragility fracture, or (ii) a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 at any site and a prevalent fragility fracture.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 60.0 (11.2) years, and 58.0% of them were men. The frequency of radiographic MCP2-3 arthropathy was 37.6% (95% CI 0.28-0.48). Radiographic MCP2-3 arthropathy was independently associated with older age [OR 1.17 (1.09-1.26) per year, p < 0.0001], male sex [OR 3.89 (1.17-12.97), p = 0.027] and C282Y+/+ genotype [OR 4.78 (1.46-15.68), p = 0.010]. The frequency of joint replacement surgery was 12.9% (95% CI 0.07-0.21). The frequency of bone fragility was 20.4% (95% CI 0.13-0.30). Bone fragility was independently associated with hepatic cirrhosis [OR 8.20 (1.74-38.68), p = 0.008].

Discussion

Radiographic MCP2-3 arthropathy was found to occur in 37.6% of patients with HH. The association observed between this form of arthropathy and C282Y homozygosity, male sex, and older age suggests that demographic characteristics and genetic background are likely to be major determinants of this joint disorder and play a more important role than severity of iron overload. Bone fragility was observed in a fifth of the patients with HH, independently of genetic background and severity of iron overload, and was strongly associated with hepatic cirrhosis.

Conclusion

Future investigations should focus on pathogenesis and early identification of patients at risk of developing bone and joint complications secondary to HH.

Diagnosis and Management of Genetic Iron Overload Disorders

Iron overload disorders lead to excess iron deposition in the body, which can occur as a result of genetic or secondary causes. Genetic iron overload, referred to as hereditary hemochromatosis, may present as a common autosomal recessive mutation or as one of several uncommon mutations. Secondary iron overload may result from frequent blood transfusions, exogenous iron intake, or certain hematological diseases such as dyserythropoietic syndrome or chronic hemolytic anemia. Iron overload may be asymptomatic, or may present with significant diseases of the liver, heart, endocrine glands, joints, or other organs. If treated appropriately prior to end-organ damage, life expectancy has been shown to be similar compared to matched populations. Alongside clinical assessment, diagnostic studies involve blood tests, imaging, and in some cases liver biopsy. The mainstay of therapy is periodic phlebotomy, although oral chelation is an option for selected patients.