Water quality index, Labeo rohita, and Eichhornia crassipes: Suitable bio-indicators of river water pollution

Development of a Treatment System of Water with Cr (VI) Through Models Using E. crassipes Biomass with Iron Chloride

In the context of critical water quality issues, there is a pressing need for more pragmatic approaches to water research. Adsorbent biomass, derived from abundant and effective natural sources, holds considerable promise as a solution. E. crassipes, a type of plant biomass, has emerged as a particularly promising material due to its high adsorption capacity. When combined with iron chloride, this capacity is significantly enhanced, and the addition of EDTA is essential for the reuse of treated water. The economic viability of this material in water treatment has been thoroughly evaluated, and the project was developed with the aim of building treatment systems using E. crassipes biomass in conjunction with iron chloride. The development process involved the creation of a special material composed of 85% dried and ground E. crassipes and 15% iron chloride. The process was scaled up with the most effective biomass for treatment and subsequent elutions with EDTA. The outlet conditions, the quantity of pollutant removed, and the treated volume were established, and subsequently the extraparticle diffusion constant Kf, the intraparticle diffusion constant, and the characteristic isotherm were determined. The identification of the intraparticle diffusion model, Ks, was made possible by the results of the model, which indicated the specific route for the construction of a pilot-scale treatment system. The pilot-scale prototype was constructed using 1000 g of EC (2) of biomass (850 g of E. crassipes and 150 g of chloride of iron). The prototype developed in the present investigation could be used to treat effluents contaminated with heavy metals, especially chromium, and is an advanced environmental research project that contributes to the improvement of water quality.

UV-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Dye Degradation and Antibacterial Potentials of Biosynthesized SiO2 Nanoparticles

The present work shows the obtainment of biosynthesized SiO2 with the aid of Jasminum grandiflorum plant extract and the study of its photocatalytic ability in dye degradation and antibacterial activity. The obtained biosynthesized SiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffractometer analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The UV-light irradiated photocatalytic activity of the biosynthesized SiO2 nanoparticles was examined using methylene blue dye solution. Its reusability efficiency was determined over 20 cycles and compared with the commercial P-25 titanium dioxide. The bacterial resistivity of the biosynthesized SiO2 nanoparticles was examined using S. aureus and E. coli. The biosynthesized SiO2 nanoparticles showed a high level of crystallinity with no impurities, and they had an optimum crystallite size of 23 nm, a bandgap of 4 eV, no Si-OH groups and quasi-spherical shapes with Si-2p at 104 eV and O-1s at 533 eV. Their photocatalytic activity on methylene blue dye solution could reach 90% degradation after 40 min of UV light exposure, and their reusability efficiency was only 4% less than that of commercial P-25 titanium dioxide. At the concentration of 100 μg/mL, the biosynthesized SiO2 nanoparticles could allow the resistivity of E. coli to become borderline to the resistant range of an antibiotic called Amikacin.

Bagarius bagarius, and Eichhornia crassipes are suitable bioindicators of heavy metal pollution, toxicity, and risk assessment

Water quality index (WQI) of Narora channel and health of endemic fish Bagarius bagarius and plant Eichhornia crassipes, district Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh, India were studied. Among the physicochemical properties of water, pH, D.O, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Cd were above the recommended standards. These factors lead to high WQI (4124.83), indicating poor quality and not suitable for drinking and domestic usage. In fish tissues, the highest metal load was reported in the liver (58.29) and the lowest in the kidney (33.73). Heavy metals also cause a lowering of condition indices. As expected, decreased serum protein (- 63.41%) and liver glycogen (- 79.10%) were recorded in the exposed fish. However, blood glucose (47.22%) and serum glycogen (74.69%) showed elevation. In the plant, roots (21.50) contained the highest, and leaves (16.87) had the lowest heavy metal load. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) > 1, indicates hyperaccumulation of all metals. E. crassipes roots showed the highest translocation factor (TF) > 1 for Ni (1.57) and Zn (1.30). The high mobility factor (MF) reflected the suitability of E. crassipes for phytoextraction of Mn, Cd, Zn, Fe, Ni, and Cu. Moreover, Bagarius sp. consumption could not pose any non-cancer risk. Although, lower cancer risk can be expected from Ni and Cr.

Redox Status, Immune Alterations, Histopathology, and Micronuclei Induction in Labeo rohita Dwelling in Polluted River Water

In this study, we measured various parameters of oxidative stress, immune response, and abnormalities in the erythrocyte nucleus of Labeo rohita inhabiting the polluted Kshipra River, India. The river water contains heavy metals in this order: Ni > Fe > Cd > Cr > Mn > Zn > Cu. Fe showed the highest accumulation in gills, liver, and gut, whereas Ni (gills and gut) and Cd (liver) were lowest accumulated. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were found to be increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the gills (SOD: 211%; CAT: 150%), liver (SOD: 447%; CAT: 304%), and gut (SOD: 98.11%; CAT: 58.69%) in comparison with the reference fish. However, glutathione S transferase (GST) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher activity in the gills (25.5%) but lower activity in the liver (- 49.22%) and the gut (- 30.57%). Moreover, reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the gills (- 46.66%), liver (- 33.20%), and gut (- 39.87%). Despite the active response of the antioxidant enzymes, the highest lipid peroxidation was observed in the liver (463%). The effect of heavy metals was also observed on the immunity of the fish, causing immunosuppression as evident by significantly (p < 0.05) lower values of acid phosphatase (- 50%), myeloperoxidase (- 48.33%), and nitric oxide synthase (- 50%) in serum. Histopathological findings showed gill lamellae shortening, hyperplasia, club-shaped lamellar tip in exposed gills and necrosis, vacuolization, and pyknosis in the exposed liver. Furthermore, polluted river water was also found to induce micronuclei (2.1%) and lobed nuclei (0.72%) in erythrocytes (0.65%). These results indicate the potential of heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and other forms of stress in inhabiting fish, highlighting the need to control the pollution of this river water.

Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of Water Quality Parameters of an Industrial Seaport Riverbank Area in Bangladesh

The Pasur River is a vital reservoir of surface water in the Sundarbon area in Bangladesh. Mongla seaport is located on the bank of this river. Many industries and other commercial sectors situated in this port area are discharging waste into the river without proper treatment. For this reason, geospatial analysis and mapping of water pollutant distribution were performed to assess the physicochemical and toxicological situation in the study area. We used different water quality indices such as Metal Index (MI), Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI), and Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method (WQI) to improve the understanding of pollution distribution and processes determining the quality of river water. Multivariate statistical methods were used to evaluate loads and sources of pollutants in the Pasur River system. The results indicate that the sources of contaminants are both geogenic and anthropogenic, including untreated or poorly treated wastewater from industries and urban domestic waste discharge. The concentration range of total suspended solid (TSS), chloride, iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) were from 363.2 to 1482.7, 108.2 to 708.93, 1.13 to 2.75, and 0.19 to 1.41 mg/L, respectively, significantly exceeding the health-based guideline of WHO and Bangladeshi standards. The high Fe and Mn contents are contributions from geogenic and anthropogenic sources such as industrial waste and construction activities. The average pH value was 8.73, higher than the WHO and Bangladeshi standard limit. WQI (ranging from 391 to 1336), CPI (6.71 to 23.1), and MI (7.23 to 23.3) were very high and greatly exceeded standard limits indicating that the Pasur River water is highly polluted. The results of this study can be used as a first reference work for developing a surface water quality monitoring system and guide decisionmakers for priorities regarding wastewater treatment.