A comprehensive review of cystic fibrosis in Africa and Asia

Exploring the dynamics of mixed-species biofilms involving Candida spp. and bacteria in cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that results from mutations in the gene responsible for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The airways become clogged with thick, viscous mucus that traps microbes in respiratory tracts, facilitating colonization, inflammation and infection. CF is recognized as a biofilm-associated disease, it is commonly polymicrobial and can develop in biofilms. This review discusses Candida spp. and both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial biofilms that affect the airways and cause pulmonary infections in the CF context, with a particular focus on mixed-species biofilms. In addition, the review explores the intricate interactions between fungal and bacterial species within these biofilms and elucidates the underlying molecular mechanisms that govern their dynamics. Moreover, the review addresses the multifaceted issue of antimicrobial resistance in the context of CF-associated biofilms. By synthesizing current knowledge and research findings, this review aims to provide insights into the pathogenesis of CF-related infections and identify potential therapeutic approaches to manage and combat these complex biofilm-mediated infections.

The burden of cystic fibrosis in North Africa

Background: Over 200 pathogenic variants in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene are associated with cystic fibrosis (CF)-the most prevalent autosomal recessive disease globally, the p.Phe508del variant being the most commonly observed. Main text: Recent epidemiological studies suggest a higher global prevalence of CF than previously thought. Nevertheless, comprehensive CF data remains extremely scarce among African populations, contributing to a significant information gap within the African healthcare system. Consequently, the underestimation of CF among children from African populations is likely. The goal of this article is to review the pathogenesis of CF and its prevalence in the countries of North Africa. Conclusion: The prevalence of CF in North African countries is likely underestimated due to the complexity of the disease and the lack of a timely, proper clinical and genetic investigation that allows the early identification of CF patients and thus facilitates therapeutic recommendations. Therefore, specific genetic and epidemiological studies on African individuals showing CF symptoms should be conducted to enhance the diagnostic yield of CF in Africa.