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Nome RV, Paus E, Gehin JE, Bolstad N, Bjøro T. Managing hemolysis in serum neuron-specific enolase measurements - an automated algorithm for routine practice. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38853575 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2024.2359091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) derived from neurons and peripheral neuroendocrine cells is a biomarker for neuroendocrine tumors and for prognostication in comatose cardiac arrest survivors. However, as platelets and erythrocytes contain NSE, hemolysis causes falsely elevated NSE. We used native serum and hemolysate derived from the same patients to make serial dilutions, and subsequently measured NSE (mNSE) and hemolytic index (HI) in each dilution. An algorithm suitable for the laboratory information system was developed based on the mNSE, HI and the estimated gradient of hemolytic interference from 30 patients. We estimated the associated uncertainty of the corrected NSE (cNSE) results based on the observed range of the gradient and derived an equation for cNSE for samples with limited hemolysis (i.e. 5 < HI ≤ 30): cNSE = mNSE - HI × (0.34 ± 0.23) µg/L. By semi-quantitatively grading the contribution from limited hemolysis, a texted result noting the hemolysis-associated degree of uncertainty can accompany the cNSE result. The major challenge of hemolysis when using serum NSE as a biomarker can be managed using an automated algorithm for correction of NSE results based on degree of hemolysis. However, laboratorians and clinicians should be aware of the limitations associated with in vivo hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild V Nome
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Paus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna E Gehin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Bolstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Bjøro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait: an exploratory analysis. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:105. [PMID: 34845234 PMCID: PMC8629994 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore the association between three Alzheimer’s disease-related and ten inflammation-related CSF markers and freezing of gait (FOG) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The study population includes PD patients with FOG (PD-FOG, N = 12), without FOG (PD-NoFOG, N = 19), and healthy controls (HC, N = 12). Age and PD duration are not significantly different between groups. After adjusting for covariates and multiple comparisons, the anti-inflammatory marker, fractalkine, is significantly decreased in the PD groups compared to HC (P = 0.002), and further decreased in PD-FOG compared to PD-NoFOG (P = 0.007). The Alzheimer’s disease-related protein, Aβ42, is increased in PD-FOG compared to PD-NoFOG and HC (P = 0.001). Group differences obtained in individual biomarker analyses are confirmed with multivariate discriminant partial least squares regression (P < 0.001). High levels of Aβ42 in PD-FOG patients supports an increase over time from early to advanced state. Low levels of fractalkine might suggest anti-inflammatory effect. These findings warrant replication.
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3
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Baiardi S, Pizza F, Polischi B, Moresco M, Abu-Rumeileh S, Plazzi G, Parchi P. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neurodegeneration in narcolepsy type 1. Sleep 2021; 43:5573415. [PMID: 31552425 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To measure the levels of five neurodegenerative biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) with variable disease duration. METHODS Following a standardized protocol of CSF collection and storage, we measured CSF total- and phosphorylated-tau, amyloid-beta 1-40 and 1-42, and neurofilament light chain (NfL) proteins in 30 nonneurological controls and 36 subjects with NT1, including 14 patients with recent disease onset (i.e. ≤12 months, short disease duration group). RESULTS CSF levels of all biomarkers were similar in NT1 subjects and controls. The comparison between NT1 with short and long disease duration only revealed slightly higher levels of CSF amyloid-beta 1-40 in the former group (median 9,549.5, interquartile range [IQR] 7,064.2-11,525.0 vs. 6,870.0, IQR 5,133.7-9,951.2, p = 0.043). CSF storage time did not influence the levels of the tested biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of CSF total-tau, phosphorylated-tau, amyloid-beta 1-40 and 1-42, and NfL proteins is not informative in NT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizza
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Polischi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Moresco
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Samir Abu-Rumeileh
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Berteotti C, Liguori C, Pace M. Dysregulation of the orexin/hypocretin system is not limited to narcolepsy but has far-reaching implications for neurological disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1136-1154. [PMID: 33290595 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides orexin A and B (OX-A/B, also called hypocretin 1 and 2) are released selectively by a population of neurons which projects widely into the entire central nervous system but is localized in a restricted area of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus, caudal to the paraventricular nucleus. The OX system prominently targets brain structures involved in the regulation of wake-sleep state switching, and also orchestrates multiple physiological functions. The degeneration and dysregulation of the OX system promotes narcoleptic phenotypes both in humans and animals. Hence, this review begins with the already proven involvement of OX in narcolepsy, but it mainly discusses the new pre-clinical and clinical insights of the role of OX in three major neurological disorders characterized by sleep impairment which have been recently associated with OX dysfunction, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke and Prader Willi syndrome, and have been emerged over the past 10 years to be strongly associated with the OX dysfunction and should be more considered in the future. In the light of the impairment of the OX system in these neurological disorders, it is conceivable to speculate that the integrity of the OX system is necessary for a healthy functioning body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Berteotti
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Neurology Unit, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Pace
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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5
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Orexins role in neurodegenerative diseases: From pathogenesis to treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 194:172929. [PMID: 32315694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Orexin is a neurotransmitter that mainly regulates sleep/wake cycle. In addition to its sleep cycle regulatory role, it is involved in regulation of attention, energy homeostasis, neurogenesis and cognition. Several evidences has shown the involvement of orexin in narcolepsy, but there are also growing evidences that shows the disturbance in orexin system in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Epilepsy, Huntington's diseases and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of these disorders can be partly attributed from orexin system imbalance. However, there are controversial reports on the exact relationship between orexin and these neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current evidences regarding the role of orexin in these neurodegenerative diseases.
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6
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Gabelle A, Jaussent I, Bouallègue FB, Lehmann S, Lopez R, Barateau L, Grasselli C, Pesenti C, de Verbizier D, Béziat S, Mariano-Goulart D, Carlander B, Dauvilliers Y. Reduced brain amyloid burden in elderly patients with narcolepsy type 1. Ann Neurol 2018; 85:74-83. [PMID: 30387527 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether brain amyloid burden in elderly patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is lower than in controls, and to assess in patients with NT1 the relationships between amyloid burden, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) markers of Alzheimer disease (AD), CSF orexin-A, and cognitive profile. METHODS Cognitive and 18 F-florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) data were compared in patients with NT1 aged ≥ 65 years (n = 23) and in age- and sex-matched controls free of clinical dementia selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; n = 69) and the Multi-Domain Intervention Alzheimer's Prevention Trial (MAPT-18F AV45-PET; n = 23) cohorts. The standardized uptake values (SUVs) of the cortical retention index for 6 regions of interest were computed and averaged to create a mean SUV ratio normalized to 3 subcortical reference regions (cerebellum, pons, and a composite region). A cortical/cerebellum SUV ratio ≥ 1.17 defined positive PET amyloid. RESULTS Lower cortical amyloid burden was observed in the NT1 than in the ADNI and MAPT-AV45 groups (mean cortical/cerebellum SUV ratios = 0.95 ± 0.15, 1.11 ± 0.18 [p < 0.0001], and 1.14 ± 0.17 [p = 0.0005], respectively). Similar results were obtained with all subcortical reference regions and for all cortical regions of interest, except cingulum. Only 1 patient with NT1 (4.4%) had positive PET amyloid compared with 27.5% in the ADNI and 30.4% in the MAPT-AV45 group. In the NT1 group, cortical or regional amyloid load was not associated with CSF orexin-A, CSF AD biomarkers, or neuropsychological profile. INTERPRETATION Lower brain amyloid burden, assessed by 18 F-florbetapir PET, in patients with NT1 suggests delayed appearance of amyloid plaques. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:74-83.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gabelle
- Memory Research and Resources Center, Department of Neurology, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital Center.,University of Montpellier.,National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research
| | - Isabelle Jaussent
- University of Montpellier.,National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research
| | - Fayçal Ben Bouallègue
- University of Montpellier.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Montpellier University Hospital.,PhyMedExp, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- University of Montpellier.,National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1183, Saint Eloi Hospital
| | - Régis Lopez
- University of Montpellier.,National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research.,Narcolepsy National Reference Center, Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Barateau
- University of Montpellier.,National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research.,Narcolepsy National Reference Center, Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Grasselli
- Memory Research and Resources Center, Department of Neurology, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital Center
| | - Carole Pesenti
- Narcolepsy National Reference Center, Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Séverine Béziat
- University of Montpellier.,National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research
| | - Denis Mariano-Goulart
- University of Montpellier.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Montpellier University Hospital.,PhyMedExp, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, National Center for Scientific Research
| | - Bertrand Carlander
- Narcolepsy National Reference Center, Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- University of Montpellier.,National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research.,Narcolepsy National Reference Center, Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
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7
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Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid for synucleinopathies, tauopathies, and other neurodegenerative disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:99-113. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Cedernaes J, Osorio RS, Varga AW, Kam K, Schiöth HB, Benedict C. Candidate mechanisms underlying the association between sleep-wake disruptions and Alzheimer's disease. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 31:102-111. [PMID: 26996255 PMCID: PMC4981560 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During wakefulness, extracellular levels of metabolites in the brain increase. These include amyloid beta (Aβ), which contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Counterbalancing their accumulation in the brain, sleep facilitates the removal of these metabolites from the extracellular space by convective flow of the interstitial fluid from the para-arterial to the para-venous space. However, when the sleep-wake cycle is disrupted (characterized by increased brain levels of the wake-promoting neuropeptide orexin and increased neural activity), the central nervous system (CNS) clearance of extracellular metabolites is diminished. Disruptions to the sleep-wake cycle have furthermore been linked to increased neuronal oxidative stress and impaired blood-brain barrier function - conditions that have also been proposed to play a role in the development and progression of AD. Notably, recent human and transgenic animal studies have demonstrated that AD-related pathophysiological processes that occur long before the clinical onset of AD, such as Aβ deposition in the brain, disrupt sleep and circadian rhythms. Collectively, as proposed in this review, these findings suggest the existence of a mechanistic interplay between AD pathogenesis and disrupted sleep-wake cycles, which is able to accelerate the development and progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo S Osorio
- Center for Brain Health, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew W Varga
- NYU Sleep Disorders Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Korey Kam
- NYU Sleep Disorders Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Mander BA, Winer JR, Jagust WJ, Walker MP. Sleep: A Novel Mechanistic Pathway, Biomarker, and Treatment Target in the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease? Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:552-566. [PMID: 27325209 PMCID: PMC4967375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disruption appears to be a core component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its pathophysiology. Signature abnormalities of sleep emerge before clinical onset of AD. Moreover, insufficient sleep facilitates accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), potentially triggering earlier cognitive decline and conversion to AD. Building on such findings, this review has four goals: evaluating (i) associations and plausible mechanisms linking non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep disruption, Aβ, and AD; (ii) a role for NREM sleep disruption as a novel factor linking cortical Aβ to impaired hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation; (iii) the potential diagnostic utility of NREM sleep disruption as a new biomarker of AD; and (iv) the possibility of sleep as a new treatment target in aging, affording preventative and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A Mander
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA.
| | - Joseph R Winer
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew P Walker
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA.
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10
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Sarkanen T, Alakuijala A, Partinen M. Clinical course of H1N1-vaccine-related narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2016; 19:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Liguori C, Placidi F, Izzi F, Nuccetelli M, Bernardini S, Sarpa MG, Cum F, Marciani MG, Mercuri NB, Romigi A. Beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau metabolism changes in narcolepsy over time. Sleep Breath 2016; 20:277-83; discussion 283. [PMID: 26803606 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-015-1305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Peyron C, Seugnet L, Lin JS. Commentary: A Quest for a Novel Peripheral Biomarker for Narcolepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:681-2. [PMID: 26281778 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Peyron
- Sleep Team, Pathophysiology of the Neural Networks of the Sleep-wake Cycle, Lyon, France.,Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France.,Waking team, Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems, Lyon, France
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France.,Waking team, Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems, Lyon, France
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13
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Shan L, Dauvilliers Y, Siegel JM. Interactions of the histamine and hypocretin systems in CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:401-13. [PMID: 26100750 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Histamine and hypocretin neurons are localized to the hypothalamus, a brain area critical to autonomic function and sleep. Narcolepsy type 1, also known as narcolepsy with cataplexy, is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired night-time sleep, cataplexy, sleep paralysis and short latency to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep after sleep onset. In narcolepsy, 90% of hypocretin neurons are lost; in addition, two groups reported in 2014 that the number of histamine neurons is increased by 64% or more in human patients with narcolepsy, suggesting involvement of histamine in the aetiology of this disorder. Here, we review the role of the histamine and hypocretin systems in sleep-wake modulation. Furthermore, we summarize the neuropathological changes to these two systems in narcolepsy and discuss the possibility that narcolepsy-associated histamine abnormalities could mediate or result from the same processes that cause the hypocretin cell loss. We also review the changes in the hypocretin and histamine systems, and the associated sleep disruptions, in Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease and Tourette syndrome. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches for manipulation of the histamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shan
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Veterans' Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), 16111 Plummer Street North Hills, 151A3, CA 91343, USA
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Centre de Référence Nationale Maladies Rares, Narcolepsie et Hypersomnie Idiopathique, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, INSERM U1061, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Veterans' Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), 16111 Plummer Street North Hills, 151A3, CA 91343, USA
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14
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Heier M, Gautvik K. What happens in the brain in narcolepsy over time? Sleep Med 2014; 15:1427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Liguori C, Placidi F, Izzi F, Albanese M, Nuccetelli M, Bernardini S, Marciani MG, Mercuri NB, Romigi A. May CSF beta-amyloid and tau proteins levels be influenced by long treatment duration and stable medication in narcolepsy? Sleep Med 2014; 15:1424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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