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Palkumbura PGAS, Mahakapuge TAN, Wijesundera RRMKK, Wijewardana V, Kangethe RT, Rajapakse RPVJ. Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1409. [PMID: 38338687 PMCID: PMC10855138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasitic nematode (GIN) infections are the cause of severe losses to farmers in countries where small ruminants such as sheep and goat are the mainstay of livestock holdings. There is a need to develop effective and easy-to-administer anti-parasite vaccines in areas where anthelmintic resistance is rapidly rising due to the inefficient use of drugs currently available. In this review, we describe the most prevalent and economically significant group of GIN infections that infect small ruminants and the immune responses that occur in the host during infection with an emphasis on mucosal immunity. Furthermore, we outline the different prevention strategies that exist with a focus on whole and purified native parasite antigens as vaccine candidates and their possible oral-nasal administration as a part of an integrated parasite control toolbox in areas where drug resistance is on the rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Ashani S. Palkumbura
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini A. N. Mahakapuge
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - R. R. M. K. Kavindra Wijesundera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Richard Thiga Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - R. P. V. Jayanthe Rajapakse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
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Davidson RK, Fæste CK, Uhlig S, Tukun FL, Lian H, Solvang HA, Thorvaldsen R, Folkow LP, Sánchez Romano J, Kilvær MV, Holmgren KE, Nymo IH. Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting subcutaneous eprinomectin injection in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) - A pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:104041. [PMID: 36535586 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are exposed to the pathogenic parasitic nematode Elaphostrongylus rangiferi during grazing. The severity of disease is dose-dependent. Prophylactic anthelmintic treatment is needed to improve animal health and reindeer herding sustainability. Herds are traditionally only gathered once during the summer, requiring a drug with a persistent effect. In this study we investigated the suitability of long-acting eprinomectin, given as a single subcutaneous injection at 1 mg/kg bodyweight in adult reindeer and calves. Plasma and faeces concentrations were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Plasma concentrations remained above the presumed effect level of 2 ng/mL for 80 days, demonstrating the drug's potential. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to other species using allometric scaling. Calves and adults had slightly different profiles. No viable faecal nematode eggs were detected during treatment. Eprinomectin was measurable in the reindeer faeces up to 100 days, which is of environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Davidson
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety and Animal Health Research Group, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Silvio Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Toxinology Research Group, Ås, Norway
| | - Feng-Ling Tukun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Toxinology Research Group, Ås, Norway
| | - Hans Lian
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hans Arne Solvang
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Renate Thorvaldsen
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars P Folkow
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Karin Elisabeth Holmgren
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety and Animal Health Research Group, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Helena Nymo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety and Animal Health Research Group, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway; UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
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Gao X, Kvaternick V, Rehbein S, Hamel D. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of pour-on administered eprinomectin in nematode-infected lactating female and male castrated dairy breed goats. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1533-1538. [PMID: 35277753 PMCID: PMC8993713 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Eprinomectin (EPM), a macrocyclic lactone with low excretion in milk and high efficacy against endoparasites and ectoparasites, is widely used in veterinary medicine. In this paper, EPM pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic efficacy previously established in one study with lactating female goats and three studies with male castrated growing dairy breed goats (all with induced mixed adult gastrointestinal nematode parasitism and treated with a single 1-mg/kg pour-on administration of EPM) were retrospectively evaluated using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling. The PK-PD analyses between EPM exposure (Cmax and AUClast) and anthelmintic response (percent efficacy) were performed for lactating female goats only and pooled lactating female and male castrated goats. The Cmax and AUClast showed no significant difference between lactating female goats and combined male castrated goats. PK-PD modeling demonstrated Trichostrongylus colubriformis, a small-intestine nematode, as a suitable indicator of the EPM nematocidal efficacy. The EC90 values obtained by modeling Cmax vs T. colubriformis were 3.50 and 2.43 ng/mL for lactating female goats only and pooled lactating female and male castrated goats, respectively. The values of AUClast needed for 90% efficacy of T. colubriformis were 25.4 and 21.1 day*ng/mL for lactating female goats only and pooled lactating female and male castrated goats, respectively. Overall, the predicted pharmacological response against T. colubriformis is similar for lactating goats only and pooled lactating female and male castrated goats and correlates with observed efficacy. In conclusion, a dosage of 1-mg/kg EPM as a pour-on is sufficient to ensure efficacy against common nematodes in both lactating female and male castrated goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Gao
- Formerly of Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., DSD, 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ, 08902, USA
| | - Valerie Kvaternick
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., DSD, 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ, 08902, USA.
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestraße 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Dietmar Hamel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestraße 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
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Treatment of natural Protostrongylus rufescens lungworm infection in sheep with eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109639. [PMID: 34959085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic respiratory infections in domestic sheep and goats are caused by Dictyocaulus filaria and various species belonging to the Protostrongylidae family of nematodes which frequently occur in mixed infections. Although the parasitism with protostrongylid lungworms is generally considered to be of low pathogenicity, there are reports of clinical disease including cases associated with Protostrongylus rufescens infection. The efficacy against P. rufescens of eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution (EPRINEX® Multi, Boehringer Ingelheim) was thus evaluated in a clinical study compliant with GCP and VICH anthelmintic efficacy testing guidelines in adult sheep with naturally acquired infection. Following ranking on pre-treatment Protostrongylus fecal larval counts and forming into blocks of two animals, the sheep were randomly allocated to either remain untreated (control) or to be administered eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution at 1 mL/5 kg body weight (equivalent to 1 mg eprinomectin per kg body weight) once as a pour-on. Fecal samples of the sheep were examined to monitor the larval excretion weekly for five weeks after treatment; then the animals were necropsied for lungworm recovery and count to determine the efficacy of the treatment. After treatment, Protostrongylus larval excretion decreased to zero within three weeks. Nematode counts demonstrated that the efficacy of the treatment with eprinomectin 5 mg/mL topical solution was 100 % against P. rufescens: no lungworms were recovered from any treated sheep while all controls harbored P. rufescens (range, 17-406) (p < 0.001). The treatment was well accepted; no treatment-related health problems were observed.
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Hamel D, Kvaternick V, Kellermann M, Visser M, Mayr S, Fankhauser B, Rehbein S. Pour-on administration of eprinomectin to lactating dairy goats: Pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic efficacy. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:952-960. [PMID: 34542908 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lactation is discussed as a physiological covariate which may influence the exposure characteristics of systemically acting drugs including macrocyclic lactones and potentially alter their pharmacological response. This study characterizes for the first time in the same study, the plasma profile and therapeutic anthelmintic efficacy of eprinomectin 5 mg/ml solution (EPRINEX® Multi, Boehringer Ingelheim) administered as a pour-on at 1 mg per kg body weight to lactating dairy goats. The study was conducted in compliance with VICH GCP and anthelmintic efficacy evaluation guidelines and included 20 goats harboring induced adult gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections. The goats were blocked on pre-treatment body weight and randomly allocated either to remain untreated (control) or to be eprinomectin-treated. Plasma samples to determine the plasma disposition kinetics of eprinomectin (B1a component) were obtained at intervals up to 14 days following treatment when the animals were necropsied for parasite enumeration and identification. Basic pharmacokinetic parameters of eprinomectin determined in the ten eprinomectin-treated goats were as follows: AUClast , 23.8 ± 9.7 day*ng/ml and Cmax , 5.35 ± 2.27 ng/ml; individual maximum plasma concentrations were observed from 8 to 48 h after treatment (median Tmax , 0.5 days). Topical eprinomectin treatment efficacy, based on significant (p < .01) worm burden reductions in eprinomectin-treated animals relative to untreated controls, was ≥97% to 100% against adult Dictyocaulus filaria, Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta(pinnata/trifurcata), Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Cooperia curticei, Nematodirus battus, and Oesophagostomum venulosum. Both pharmacokinetic parameters and anthelmintic activity in lactating dairy goats were similar to those observed in parasitized young growing and adult female non-lactating dairy goats treated with eprinomectin administered as a pour-on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Hamel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kellermann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Martin Visser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Mayr
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
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Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Goats: Host-parasite Relationship Differences in Breeds at Summer Mountain Pasture in Northern Italy. J Vet Res 2019; 63:519-526. [PMID: 31934662 PMCID: PMC6950438 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Orobic goat is a hardy breed native to the Orobic Alps (Lombardy, northern Italy). The aim of the study was the assessment of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) egg excretion in Alpine and Saanen (cosmopolite breeds) and Orobic grazing goats, after a strategic treatment with eprinomectin in late June. Material and Methods Individual faecal samples from a mixed flock of cosmopolite and Orobic goats were collected and analysed by the FLOTAC double technique every three weeks from June to September. Results Strongylida was the primary GIN infection observed in goats that grazed on Alpine pastures; a strategic treatment with eprinomectin led to a prolonged reduction of egg excretion during the whole study period. Egg excretion was also influenced by breed. Pluriparous Orobic does were able to control reinfection better than the pluriparous cosmopolite does. Regarding Nematodirus sp. eggs per gram of faeces (EPG), the autochthonous Orobic breed presented higher values than the cosmopolite breeds. However, cosmopolite goats presented higher EPG values of Strongyloides papillosus than their Orobic counterparts in August. Conclusions Further studies on genetic features of local autochthonous goats, such as the Orobic breed, are needed, since they could reveal peculiar characteristics of susceptibility, resistance or resilience to GIN infection, providing genetic resources for selection.
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Rostang A, Devos J, Chartier C. Review of the Eprinomectin effective doses required for dairy goats: Where do we go from here? Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:108992. [PMID: 31835054 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Eprinomectin (EPM) has been recently granted a marketing authorisation in the European Union for use in goats, with a zero-day milk withdrawal period. Considering the high prevalence of benzimidazole resistance worldwide and the economic implications of managing milk residues, EPM may today be considered the main (or even the only) affordable treatment option, at least in dairy goats in the EU. However, the chosen dose (1 mg/kg) seems to be suboptimal, especially for lactating goats, and the chosen route of administration (Pour-on) highly subject to inter-individual variability. Considering the scarcity of anthelmintic resources, such a dosage regimen might threat the sustainability of this crucial drug in goat milk production and needs to be urgently discussed and reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Rostang
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UPSP ICE 'Interactions Cellules Environnement', 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Jacques Devos
- French SNGTV Parasitology Committee (National Society of Veterinary Technical Groups), 42360 Panissières, France
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Eprinomectin pour-on: Prevention of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2018; 264:42-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic efficacy of injectable eprinomectin in goats. Vet Parasitol 2017; 241:43-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hamel D, Bosco A, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, Kaulfuß KH, Kellermann M, Fischer J, Wang H, Kley K, Mayr S, Rauh R, Visser M, Wiefel T, Fankhauser B, Rehbein S. Eprinomectin pour-on (EPRINEX® Pour-on, Merial): efficacy against gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes and pharmacokinetics in sheep. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:148. [PMID: 28558828 PMCID: PMC5450133 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anthelmintic efficacy of the 0.5% w/v topical formulation of eprinomectin (EPN), EPRINEX® Pour-on (Merial) when administered at 1 mg/kg body weight was evaluated in sheep in two dose confirmation laboratory studies and one multicenter field study. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of EPN when administered at that dosage to adult sheep was determined. Results In the two dose confirmation studies, which included 10 sheep each, sheep treated with topical EPN had significantly (p < 0.05) fewer of the following nematodes than the untreated sheep with overall reduction of nematode counts by >99%: adult Dictyocaulus filaria, Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta(pinnata/trifurcata), Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Cooperia curticei, Nematodirus battus, Strongyloides papillosus, Chabertia ovina and Oesophagostomum venulosum, and inhibited fourth-stage Teladorsagia larvae. A total of 196 sheep harboring naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections were included in the field efficacy study at two sites each in Germany (48 Merino x Ile de France lambs, 52 adult Merino females) and in Italy (adult male and female Bagnolese, Lacaune, Lacaune x Bagnolese, Bagnolese x Sarda sheep; 48 animals per site). Animals were blocked on pre-treatment body weight and within each block, one animal was randomly assigned to the control (untreated) group and three animals were randomly assigned to be treated with topical EPN. Examination of feces 14 days after treatment demonstrated that, relative to the controls, topical EPN-treated sheep had significantly (p < 0.0001) lower strongylid egg counts. Reduction was ≥97% at each site and 98.6% across all sites. Pharmacokinetics of EPN following single treatment with topical EPN were determined in eight ~4.5 year old female Merino cross sheep based on the analysis of plasma samples which were collected from two hours to 21 days following treatment. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were: Cmax 6.20 ± 1.71 ng/mL, AUClast 48.8 ± 19.2 day*ng/mL, Tmax 3.13 ± 2.99 days and T1/2 6.40 ± 2.95 days. No treatment-related health problems or adverse drug events were observed in any study. Conclusion These studies demonstrated 0.5% w/v EPN administered topically at 1 mg/kg body weight to be highly efficacious against a broad range of ovine gastrointestinal nematodes and D. filaria lungworms and well tolerated by sheep of different ages, breeds, gender and physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Hamel
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany.
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via della Veterinaria, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via della Veterinaria, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via della Veterinaria, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Kaulfuß
- Tierarztpraxis Hoffmann, Untere Schulstraße 8, 38875, Elbingerode, Germany
| | - Michael Kellermann
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - James Fischer
- Merial, Inc., North Brunswick Research Center, 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ, 08902, USA
| | - Hailun Wang
- Merial, Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096-4640, USA
| | - Katrin Kley
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Mayr
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Renate Rauh
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Martin Visser
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Thea Wiefel
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
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