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Hudachek L, Wamsley EJ. Consolidation of emotional memory during waking rest depends on trait anxiety. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 212:107940. [PMID: 38762039 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
A short period of eyes-closed waking rest improves long-term memory for recently learned information, including declarative, spatial, and procedural memory. However, the effect of rest on emotional memory consolidation remains unknown. This preregistered study aimed to establish whether post-encoding rest affects emotional memory and how anxiety levels might modulate this effect. Participants completed a modified version of the dot-probe attention task that involved reacting to and encoding word stimuli appearing underneath emotionally negative or neutral photos. We tested the effect of waking rest on memory for these words and pictures by manipulating the state that participants entered just after this task (rest vs. active wake). Trait anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and examined as a covariate. Waking rest improved emotional memory consolidation for individuals high in trait anxiety. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of waking rest on memory extends into the emotional memory domain but depends on individual characteristics such as anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hudachek
- Furman University, Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Greenville, SC 29613, United States.
| | - Erin J Wamsley
- Furman University, Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Greenville, SC 29613, United States.
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2
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Rodrigues GD, Cordani R, Veneruso M, Chiarella L, Prato G, Ferri R, Carandina A, Tobaldini E, Nobili L, Montano N. Predominant cardiac sympathetic modulation during wake and sleep in patients with Rett syndrome. Sleep Med 2024; 119:188-191. [PMID: 38692221 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurological disorder primarily associated with mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. The syndrome is characterized by cognitive, social, and physical impairments, as well as sleep disorders and epilepsy. Notably, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is a key feature of the syndrome. Although Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been used to investigate autonomic nervous system dysfunction in RTT during wakefulness, there is still a significant lack of information regarding the same during sleep. Therefore, our aim was to investigate cardiovascular autonomic modulation during sleep in subjects with RTT compared to an age-matched healthy control group (HC). METHOD A complete overnight polysomnographic (PSG) recording was obtained from 11 patients with Rett syndrome (all females, 10 ± 4 years old) and 11 HC (all females, 11 ± 4 years old; p = 0.48). Electrocardiogram and breathing data were extracted from PSG and divided into wake, non-REM, and REM sleep stages. Cardiac autonomic control was assessed using symbolic non-linear heart rate variability analysis. The symbolic analysis identified three patterns: 0 V% (sympathetic), 2UV%, and 2LV% (vagal). RESULTS The 0 V% was higher in the RTT group than in the HC group during wake, non-REM, and REM stages (p < 0.01), while the 2LV and 2UV% were lower during wake and sleep stages (p < 0.01). However, the 0 V% increased similarly from the wake to the REM stage in both RTT and HC groups. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the sympatho-vagal balance shifted towards sympathetic predominance and vagal withdrawal during wake and sleep in RTT, although cardiac autonomic dynamics were preserved during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona Cordani
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, And Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Veneruso
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, And Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiarella
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, And Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Prato
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology I.C, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, EN, Italy
| | - Angelica Carandina
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Tobaldini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, And Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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Zhang J, Pena A, Delano N, Sattari N, Shuster AE, Baker FC, Simon K, Mednick SC. Evidence of an active role of dreaming in emotional memory processing shows that we dream to forget. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8722. [PMID: 38622204 PMCID: PMC11018802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Dreaming is a universal human behavior that has inspired searches for meaning across many disciplines including art, psychology, religion, and politics, yet its function remains poorly understood. Given the suggested role of sleep in emotional memory processing, we investigated whether reported overnight dreaming and dream content are associated with sleep-dependent changes in emotional memory and reactivity, and whether dreaming plays an active or passive role. Participants completed an emotional picture task before and after a full night of sleep and they recorded the presence and content of their dreams upon waking in the morning. The results replicated the emotional memory trade-off (negative images maintained at the cost of neutral memories), but only in those who reported dreaming (Dream-Recallers), and not in Non-Dream-Recallers. Results also replicated sleep-dependent reductions in emotional reactivity, but only in Dream-Recallers, not in Non-Dream-Recallers. Additionally, the more positive the dream report, the more positive the next-day emotional reactivity is compared to the night before. These findings implicate an active role for dreaming in overnight emotional memory processing and suggest a mechanistic framework whereby dreaming may enhance salient emotional experiences via the forgetting of less relevant information.
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Holmelid Ø, Pallesen S, Bjorvatn B, Sunde E, Waage S, Vedaa Ø, Nielsen MB, Djupedal ILR, Harris A. Simulated quick returns in a laboratory context and effects on sleep and pre-sleep arousal between shifts: a crossover controlled trial. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38587121 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2335545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
This trial presents a laboratory model investigating the effect of quick returns (QRs, <11 h time off between shifts) on sleep and pre-sleep arousal. Using a crossover design, 63 participants worked a simulated QR condition (8 h time off between consecutive evening- and day shifts) and a day-day (DD) condition (16 h time off between consecutive day shifts). Participants slept at home and sleep was measured using a sleep diary and sleep radar. Compared to the DD condition, the QR condition reduced subjective and objective total sleep time by approximately one hour (both p < .001), reduced time in light- (p < .001), deep- (p = .004), rapid eye movement (REM, p < .001), percentage of REM sleep (p = .023), and subjective sleep quality (p < .001). Remaining sleep parameters and subjective pre-sleep arousal showed no differences between conditions. Results corroborate previous field studies, validating the QR model and indicating causal effects of short rest between shifts on common sleep parameters and sleep architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Holmelid
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erlend Sunde
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Waage
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Vedaa
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ingebjørg Louise Rockwell Djupedal
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Harris
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Wen Y, Jiang J, Zhai F, Fan F, Lu J. Sleep-wake dependent hippocampal regulation of fear memory. Sleep Med 2024; 115:162-173. [PMID: 38367358 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC) plays a pivotal role in fear learning and memory. Our two recent studies suggest that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep via the HPC downregulates fear memory consolidation and promotes fear extinction. However, it is not clear whether and how the dorsal and the ventral HPC regulates fear memory differently; and how the HPC in wake regulates fear memory. By chemogenetic stimulating in the HPC directly and its afferent entorhinal cortex that selectively activated the HPC in REM sleep for 3-6 h post-fear-acquisition, we found that HPC activation in REM sleep consolidated fear extinction memory. In particular, dorsal HPC (dHPC) stimulation in REM sleep virtually eliminated fear memory by enhancing fear extinction and reducing fear memory consolidation. By contrast, chemogenetic stimulating HPC afferent the supramammillary nucleus (SUM) induced 3-hr wake with HPC activation impaired fear extinction. Finally, desipramine (DMI) injection that selectively eliminated REM sleep for >6 h impaired fear extinction. Our results demonstrate that the HPC is critical for fear memory regulation; and wake HPC and REM sleep HPC have an opposite role in fear extinction of respective impairment and consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wen
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA.
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Feng Zhai
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Fangfang Fan
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA.
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Shafiq MA, Singh J, Khan ZA, Neary JP, Bardutz HA. Effect of exercise on sleep quality in Parkinson's disease: a mini review. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:49. [PMID: 38291381 PMCID: PMC10826022 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing incidence of Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a major burden on the healthcare system. PD is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and is known for its effects on motor function and sleep. Sleep is vital for maintaining proper homeostasis and clearing the brain of metabolic waste. Adequate time spent in each sleep stage can help maintain homeostatic function; however, patients with PD appear to exhibit sleep impairments. Although medications enhance the function of remaining dopaminergic neurons and reduce motor symptoms, their potential to improve sleep is still under question. Recently, research has shifted towards exercise protocols to help improve sleep in patients with PD. This review aims to provide an overview of how sleep is impaired in patients with PD, such as experiencing a reduction in time spent in slow-wave sleep, and how exercise can help restore normal sleep function. A PubMed search summarized the relevant research on the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on sleep in patients with PD. Both high and low-intensity aerobic and resistance exercises, along with exercises related to balance and coordination, have been shown to improve some aspects of sleep. Neurochemically, sleeping leads to an increase in toxin clearance, including α-synuclein. Furthermore, exercise appears to enhance the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factors, which has preliminary evidence to suggest correlations to time spent in slow-wave sleep. More research is needed to further elucidate the physiological mechanism pertaining to sleep and exercise in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdullah Shafiq
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Regina Campus, 1440 14 Ave, Regina, SK, S4P 0W5, Canada
| | - Jyotpal Singh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Zain A Khan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - J Patrick Neary
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Holly A Bardutz
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
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Mickes L, Morgan DP, Fuentes Grandón DA, Boogert S, Kazanina N. Illustrations of interactions needed when investigating sleep using a type of AM-PM PM-AM design. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:2106-2115. [PMID: 37322385 PMCID: PMC10728231 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sleep has long been thought of and promoted to be beneficial for memory. Some claims that sleep aids memory have been made in the absence of a critical interaction. This condition is necessary when using a commonly-used experimental design (a type of AM-PM PM-AM design). We propose that a sleep effect exists only if there is an interaction between groups (experimental and time-of-day controls) and the time of test or study (morning and evening). We show different patterns of results that would and would not support a sleep effect with empirical and model-generated data from recognition memory experiments and hypothetical data. While we use these data to make our point, our suggestions apply to any memory and non-memory-related investigation (e.g., emotional memory, false memory susceptibility, language learning, problem-solving). Testing for and finding the proper interaction will add to the evidence that sleep boosts performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David P Morgan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Addiction Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sharman R, Kyle SD, Espie CA, Tamm S. Associations between self-reported sleep, overnight memory consolidation, and emotion perception: A large-scale online study in the general population. J Sleep Res 2023:e14094. [PMID: 38009410 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies suggest that short or disrupted sleep impairs memory consolidation, mood, and perception of emotional stimuli. However, studies have chiefly relied on laboratory-based study designs and small sample sizes. The aim of this fully online and pre-registered study was to investigate the association between sleep and overnight memory consolidation, emotion perception, and affect in a large, self-selected UK sample. A total of 1646 participants (473 completed) took part in an online study, where they completed a declarative (word-pairs) memory task, emotion perception task (valence ratings of images), and rated their affect within 2 h of bed-time. The following morning, participants reported on their state affect, sleep for the previous night, completed a cued recall task for the previously presented word-pairs, rated the valence of previously viewed images, and completed a surprise recognition task. Demographic data and habitual sleep quality and duration (sleep traits) were also recorded. Habitual sleep traits were associated with immediate recall for the word-pairs task, while self-reported sleep parameters for the specific night were not associated with overnight memory consolidation. Neither habitual sleep traits, nor nightly sleep parameters were associated with unpleasantness ratings to negative stimuli or overnight habituation. Habitual poor sleep was associated with less positive and more negative affect, and morning affect was predicted by the specific night's sleep. This study suggests that overnight emotional processing and declarative memory may not be associated with self-reported sleep across individuals. More work is needed to understand how findings from laboratory-based studies extrapolate to real-world samples and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sharman
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon D Kyle
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin A Espie
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Tamm
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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9
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Leconte CE, Ng JW, Manzardo AM, Douglass MM. A Pediatric Patient with Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Comorbid Depression and Substance Abuse. Case Rep Psychiatry 2023; 2023:9985503. [PMID: 38028754 PMCID: PMC10656197 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9985503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), depression, and substance abuse problems share similar symptomatology and have significant interplay. An underlying diagnosis of OSA can often be overlooked in patients with significant psychiatric illness and polysubstance use. Pediatric OSA is often associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and frequently requires surgical intervention for resolution of symptoms. Untreated OSA can worsen mental status and encourage polysubstance abuse as a form of self-medication. Proper identification and management of OSA plays an important role in treating psychiatric conditions. We report a 16-year-old with major depressive disorder (MDD), suicide attempts, polysubstance use disorder, and severe OSA admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility. History included sleep and mood disturbances started at age 12. Patient presented with apnea-hypopnea index greater than 50 and started on bilevel-positive airway pressure (BiPAP) prior to admission. Management of OSA led to significant improvement of MDD, insomnia, and polysubstance abuse. OSA can often be overlooked in patients with MDD or substance abuse. Among adolescent patients with poorly managed psychiatric conditions, significant sleep disturbances, and polysubstance abuse, providers should maintain a high degree of suspicion for OSA, as its proper management will aid in the management of the other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Leconte
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, 2060 W 39th Avenue, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - Joshua W. Ng
- University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, 1010 N Kansas Street, Wichita, KS 67214, USA
| | - Ann M. Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - Mitchell M. Douglass
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
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Li S, Ru T, He M, Chen Q, Luo X, Zhou G. Alternated emotional working memory in individuals with subclinical insomnia disorder: An electrophysiological study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 205:107843. [PMID: 37844757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of sleep loss on sleep-dependent memory and emotional function have been documented in the current literature. Yet, the effects of insomnia-induced chronic sleep disturbance on emotional short-term memory have been scarcely investigated. Twenty-one participants with subclinical insomnia disorder (SID) and 20 healthy participants (healthy control, HC) performed a delayed recognition task of emotional faces, and event-related potentials (ERPs) involved in memory encoding, retention, and retrieval of faces across different emotional valences were assessed. Behavioral findings revealed that participants in the SID group had a larger response bias, being more likely to perceive negative faces as "old" faces presented in the retrieval phase than those in the HC group. ERP findings revealed that emotional faces in the SID vs. HC group induced significantly smaller P1 and late P3b and larger N170 amplitudes in the encoding phase and smaller negative slow wave (NSW) in the retention phase. In retrieval phase, the interaction between Sleep group and Valence were revealed for P1 and early P3b amplitudes, but no group differences were found after Bonferroni correction. These findings suggested that insomnia induced chronic sleep disturbance would influence performance on emotional working memory and induced processing phase specific regulation of neurophysiology in emotional working memory regardless of valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Taotao Ru
- Lab of Light and Physio-psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Meiheng He
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qingwei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physio-psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Lab of Light and Physio-psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Denis D, Bottary R, Cunningham TJ, Drummond SPA, Straus LD. Beta spectral power during sleep is associated with impaired recall of extinguished fear. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad209. [PMID: 37542729 PMCID: PMC10566240 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure to retain memory for extinguished fear plays a major role in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with successful extinction recall necessary for symptom reduction. Disturbed sleep, a hallmark symptom of PTSD, impairs fear extinction recall. However, our understanding of the electrophysiological mechanisms underpinning sleep's role in extinction retention remains underdetermined. We examined the relationship between the microarchitecture of sleep and extinction recall in healthy humans (n = 71, both male and females included) and a pilot study in individuals with PTSD (n = 12). Participants underwent a fear conditioning and extinction protocol over 2 days, with sleep recording occurring between conditioning and extinction. Twenty-four hours after extinction learning, participants underwent extinction recall. Power spectral density (PSD) was computed for pre- and post-extinction learning sleep. Increased beta-band PSD (~17-26 Hz) during pre-extinction learning sleep was associated with worse extinction recall in healthy participants (r = 0.41, p = .004). Beta PSD was highly stable across three nights of sleep (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.92). Results suggest beta-band PSD is specifically implicated in difficulties recalling extinguished fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Denis
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Ryan Bottary
- Institute for Graduate Clinical Psychology, Widener University, Chester, PA, USA
| | - Tony J Cunningham
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Psychiatry Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura D Straus
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kumral D, Matzerath A, Leonhart R, Schönauer M. Spindle-dependent memory consolidation in healthy adults: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 2023; 189:108661. [PMID: 37597610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a central role for sleep spindles in the consolidation of new memories. However, no meta-analysis of the association between sleep spindles and memory performance has been conducted so far. Here, we report meta-analytical evidence for spindle-memory associations and investigate how multiple factors, including memory type, spindle type, spindle characteristics, and EEG topography affect this relationship. The literature search yielded 53 studies reporting 1427 effect sizes, resulting in a small to moderate effect for the average association. We further found that spindle-memory associations were significantly stronger for procedural memory than for declarative memory. Neither spindle types nor EEG scalp topography had an impact on the strength of the spindle-memory relation, but we observed a distinct functional role of global and fast sleep spindles, especially for procedural memory. We also found a moderation effect of spindle characteristics, with power showing the largest effect sizes. Collectively, our findings suggest that sleep spindles are involved in learning, thereby representing a general physiological mechanism for memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kumral
- Institute of Psychology, Neuropsychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alina Matzerath
- Institute of Psychology, Neuropsychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Rainer Leonhart
- Institute of Psychology, Social Psychology and Methodology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Monika Schönauer
- Institute of Psychology, Neuropsychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany; Bernstein Center Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany
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Halonen R, Luokkala S, Kuula L, Antila M, Pesonen AK. Right-lateralized sleep spindles are associated with neutral over emotional bias in picture recognition: An overnight study. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:1445-1459. [PMID: 37308745 PMCID: PMC10260275 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is especially important for emotional memories, although the mechanisms for prioritizing emotional content are insufficiently known. As during waking, emotional processing during sleep may be hemispherically asymmetric; right-lateralized rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep theta (~4-7 Hz) is reportedly associated with emotional memory retention. No research exists on lateralized non-REM sleep oscillations. However, sleep spindles, especially when coupled with slow oscillations (SOs), facilitate off-line memory consolidation.Our primary goal was to examine how the lateralization (right-to-left contrast) of REM theta, sleep spindles, and SO-spindle coupling is associated with overnight recognition memory in a task consisting of neutral and emotionally aversive pictures. Thirty-two healthy adults encoded 150 target pictures before overnight sleep. The recognition of target pictures among foils (discriminability, d') was tested immediately, 12 hours, and 24 hours after encoding.Recognition discriminability between targets and foils was similar for neutral and emotional pictures in immediate and 12-h retrievals. After 24 hours, emotional pictures were less accurately discriminated (p < 0.001). Emotional difference at 24-h retrieval was associated with right-to-left contrast in frontal fast spindle density (p < 0.001). The lateralization of SO-spindle coupling was associated with higher neutral versus emotional difference across all retrievals (p = 0.004).Our findings contribute to a largely unstudied area in sleep-related memory research. Hemispheric asymmetry in non-REM sleep oscillations may contribute to how neutral versus emotional information is processed. This is presumably underlain by both mechanistic offline memory consolidation and a trait-like cognitive/affective bias that influences memory encoding and retrieval. Methodological choices and participants' affective traits are likely involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Halonen
- SleepWell Research Program, Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanni Luokkala
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Kuula
- SleepWell Research Program, Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minea Antila
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- SleepWell Research Program, Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Rodheim K, Kainec K, Noh E, Jones B, Spencer RMC. Emotional memory consolidation during sleep is associated with slow oscillation-spindle coupling strength in young and older adults. Learn Mem 2023; 30:237-244. [PMID: 37770106 PMCID: PMC10547370 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053685.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Emotional memories are processed during sleep; however, the specific mechanisms are unclear. Understanding such mechanisms may provide critical insight into preventing and treating mood disorders. Consolidation of neutral memories is associated with the coupling of NREM sleep slow oscillations (SOs) and sleep spindles (SPs). Whether SO-SP coupling is likewise involved in emotional memory processing is unknown. Furthermore, there is an age-related emotional valence bias such that sleep consolidates and preserves reactivity to negative but not positive emotional memories in young adults and positive but not negative emotional memories in older adults. If SO-SP coupling contributes to the effect of sleep on emotional memory, then it may selectively support negative memory in young adults and positive memory in older adults. To address these questions, we examined whether emotional memory recognition and overnight change in emotional reactivity were associated with the strength of SO-SP coupling in young (n = 22) and older (n = 32) adults. In younger adults, coupling strength predicted negative but not positive emotional memory performance after sleep. In contrast, coupling strength predicted positive but not negative emotional memory performance after sleep in older adults. Coupling strength was not associated with emotional reactivity in either age group. Our findings suggest that SO-SP coupling may play a mechanistic role in sleep-dependent consolidation of emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Rodheim
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Kyle Kainec
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Eunsol Noh
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Bethany Jones
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Developmental Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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15
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Schäfer SK, Lüder CC, Porcheret K, Hu X, Margraf J, Michael T, Holmes EA, Werner GG, Wilhelm I, Woud ML, Zeng S, Friesen E, Haim-Nachum S, Lass-Hennemann J, Lieb K, Kunzler AM, Wirth BE, Sopp MR. To sleep or not to sleep, that is the question: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of post-trauma sleep on intrusive memories of analog trauma. Behav Res Ther 2023; 167:104359. [PMID: 37422952 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Distressing intrusive memories of a traumatic event are one of the hallmark symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Thus, it is crucial to identify early interventions that prevent the occurrence of intrusive memories. Both, sleep and sleep deprivation have been discussed as such interventions, yet previous studies yielded contradicting effects. Our systematic review aims at evaluating existing evidence by means of traditional and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses to overcome power issues of sleep research. Until May 16th, 2022, six databases were searched for experimental analog studies examining the effect of post-trauma sleep versus wakefulness on intrusive memories. Nine studies were included in our traditional meta-analysis (8 in the IPD meta-analysis). Our analysis provided evidence for a small effect favoring sleep over wakefulness, log-ROM = 0.25, p < .001, suggesting that sleep is associated with a lower number of intrusions but unrelated to the occurrence of any versus no intrusions. We found no evidence for an effect of sleep on intrusion distress. Heterogeneity was low and certainty of evidence for our primary analysis was moderate. Our findings suggest that post-trauma sleep has the potential to be protective by reducing intrusion frequency. More research is needed to determine the impact following real-world trauma and the potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Schäfer
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Psychodiagnostics, Brunswick, Germany.
| | - Charina C Lüder
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Kate Porcheret
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, Hong Kong, China; The State Key Laboratory of Brian and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, Hong Kong, China; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Germany.
| | - Tanja Michael
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gabriela G Werner
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ines Wilhelm
- Division of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Marcella L Woud
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Shengzi Zeng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Edith Friesen
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Shilat Haim-Nachum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Johanna Lass-Hennemann
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Angela M Kunzler
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany; Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Benedikt E Wirth
- Divison of Cognition & Action, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Cognitive Assistants, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - M Roxanne Sopp
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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16
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Demirlek C, Bora E. Sleep-dependent memory consolidation in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2023; 254:146-154. [PMID: 36889181 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment are both persistent and common features of schizophrenia. Accumulating evidence indicates that sleep-dependent memory consolidation might be impaired in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. The current systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (Hedge's g). In the quantitative review, three separate meta-analyses were conducted for procedural memory in healthy controls, schizophrenia, and comparison between healthy controls and schizophrenia. Additionally, separate meta-analyses were conducted for the studies using finger tapping motor sequence task, as it is the most commonly used task. The current systematic review included 14 studies including 304 patients with schizophrenia and 209 healthy controls. The random-effects model analyses for sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation resulted in a small effect size in schizophrenia (g = 0.26), a large effect size in healthy controls (g = 0.98), a moderate effect size in healthy controls vs schizophrenia (g = 0.64). For the studies using finger tapping motor sequence task, meta-analyses resulted in a small effect size in schizophrenia (g = 0.19), a large effect size in healthy controls (g = 1.07), a moderate effect size in healthy controls vs schizophrenia (g = 0.70). In the qualitative review, there was also impaired sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation in schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Current findings support that sleep improves memory consolidation in healthy adults, but there is a deficit in sleep-dependent memory consolidation in people with schizophrenia. Future studies investigating sleep-dependent consolidation of different memory subtypes with polysomnography in different stages of psychotic disorders are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Demirlek
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia
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17
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Wen YJ, Yang WJ, Guo CN, Qiu MH, Kroeger D, Niu JG, Zhan SQ, Yang XF, Gisabella B, Vetrivelan R, Lu J. Pontine control of rapid eye movement sleep and fear memory. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1602-1614. [PMID: 36794544 PMCID: PMC10173714 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We often experience dreams of strong irrational and negative emotional contents with postural muscle paralysis during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but how REM sleep is generated and its function remain unclear. In this study, we investigate whether the dorsal pontine sub-laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) is necessary and sufficient for REM sleep and whether REM sleep elimination alters fear memory. METHODS To investigate whether activation of SLD neurons is sufficient for REM sleep induction, we expressed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in SLD neurons by bilaterally injecting AAV1-hSyn-ChR2-YFP in rats. We next selectively ablated either glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons from the SLD in mice in order to identify the neuronal subset crucial for REM sleep. We finally investigated the role of REM sleep in consolidation of fear memory using rat model with complete SLD lesions. RESULTS We demonstrate the sufficiency of the SLD for REM sleep by showing that photo-activation of ChR2 transfected SLD neurons selectively promotes transitions from non-REM (NREM) sleep to REM sleep in rats. Diphtheria toxin-A (DTA) induced lesions of the SLD in rats or specific deletion of SLD glutamatergic neurons but not GABAergic neurons in mice completely abolish REM sleep, demonstrating the necessity of SLD glutamatergic neurons for REM sleep. We then show that REM sleep elimination by SLD lesions in rats significantly enhances contextual and cued fear memory consolidation by 2.5 and 1.0 folds, respectively, for at least 9 months. Conversely, fear conditioning and fear memory trigger doubled amounts of REM sleep in the following night, and chemo-activation of SLD neurons projecting to the medial septum (MS) selectively enhances hippocampal theta activity in REM sleep; this stimulation immediately after fear acquisition reduces contextual and cued fear memory consolidation by 60% and 30%, respectively. CONCLUSION SLD glutamatergic neurons generate REM sleep and REM sleep and SLD via the hippocampus particularly down-regulate contextual fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jun Wen
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Jia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Shanghai Yueyang Integrated Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Hong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Kroeger
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jian Guo Niu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu Qin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Fei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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18
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Davidson P, Marcusson-Clavertz D. The effect of sleep on intrusive memories in daily life: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trauma film experiments. Sleep 2023; 46:6844013. [PMID: 36420573 PMCID: PMC9905779 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To synthesize the literature on the effect of sleep versus wake on the frequency and distress of intrusive memories in everyday life after watching film clips with distressing content as a proxy for traumatic experiences. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by searching PubMed and PsychInfo. The last search was conducted on January 31, 2022. We included experimental studies comparing sleep and wake groups on intrusions using ecological diary methods, whereas studies lacking a wake control condition or relying solely on intrusion-triggering tasks or retrospective questionnaires were excluded. Meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the results. Risks of biases were assessed following the Cochrane guidelines. RESULTS Across 7 effect sizes from 6 independent studies, sleep (n = 192), as compared to wake (n = 175), significantly reduced the number of intrusive memories (Hedges' g = -0.26, p = .04, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.01]), but not the distress associated with them (Hedges' g = -0.14, p = .25, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.10]). CONCLUSIONS Although the results suggest that sleep reduces the number of intrusions, there is a strong need for high-powered pre-registered studies to confirm this effect. Risks of biases in the reviewed work concern the selection of the reported results, measurement of the outcome, and failure to adhere to the intervention. Limitations with the current meta-analysis include the small number of studies, which comprised only English-language articles, and the fact that it was not pre-registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
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19
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Fear memory in humans is consolidated over time independently of sleep. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:100-113. [PMID: 36241964 PMCID: PMC9925495 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Fear memories can be altered after acquisition by processes, such as fear memory consolidation or fear extinction, even without further exposure to the fear-eliciting stimuli, but factors contributing to these processes are not well understood. Sleep is known to consolidate, strengthen, and change newly acquired declarative and procedural memories. However, evidence on the role of time and sleep in the consolidation of fear memories is inconclusive. We used highly sensitive electrophysiological measures to examine the development of fear-conditioned responses over time and sleep in humans. We assessed event-related brain potentials (ERP) in 18 healthy, young individuals during fear conditioning before and after a 2-hour afternoon nap or a corresponding wake interval in a counterbalanced within-subject design. The procedure involved pairing a neutral tone (CS+) with a highly unpleasant sound. As a control, another neutral tone (CS-) was paired with a neutral sound. Fear responses were examined before the interval during a habituation phase and an acquisition phase as well as after the interval during an extinction phase and a reacquisition phase. Differential fear conditioning during acquisition was evidenced by a more negative slow ERP component (stimulus-preceding negativity) developing before the unconditioned stimulus (loud noise). This differential fear response was even stronger after the interval during reacquisition compared with initial acquisition, but this effect was similarly pronounced after sleep and wakefulness. These findings suggest that fear memories are consolidated over time, with this effect being independent of intervening sleep.
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20
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Abstract
Sleep plays a crucial role in the consolidation of memories, including those for fear acquisition and extinction training. This chapter reviews findings from studies testing this relationship in laboratory, naturalistic, and clinical settings. While evidence is mixed, several studies in humans have linked fear and extinction recall/retention to both rapid eye-movement and slow wave sleep. Sleep appears to further aid in the processing of both simulated and actual trauma and improves psychotherapeutic treatment outcomes in those with anxiety and trauma- and stressor-related disorders. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the current challenges facing sleep and emotional memory research in addition to suggestions for improving future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bottary
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura D Straus
- Department of Research, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward F Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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21
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Carollo G, Degasperi G, Cellini N. The role of sleep and wakefulness in the recognition of emotional pictures. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13695. [PMID: 35853672 PMCID: PMC9786839 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep has a beneficial effect on memory consolidation. However, its role in emotional memory is currently debated. Here, we investigate the role of sleep and a similar period of wakefulness on the recognition of emotional pictures and subjective emotional reactivity. Forty participants without any major physical, neurological or psychological condition were randomly assigned to the Sleep First Group or Wake First Group. The two groups underwent the encoding phase of an emotional images task with negative and neutral pictures at either 09:00 hours (Wake First Group) or 21:00 hours (Sleep First Group). Then participants performed an immediate recognition test (T1), and two delayed tests 12 hr (T2) and 24 hr (T3) later. Perceived arousal and valence levels were collected for each picture. Sleep parameters were recorded at participants' homes with a portable device. No differences were observed at T1, whereas at T2 the Sleep First Group showed a higher memory performance than the Wake First Group. At T3, performance decreased in the Sleep First Group (who spent the previous 12 hr awake), but not in the Wake First Group (who slept during the previous 12 hr). Overall, negative images were remembered better than neutral ones. We also observed a positive association between memory performance for negative items at the immediate test and the percentage of rapid eye movement sleep the night before the encoding. Our data confirm that negative information is remembered better over time than neutral information, and that sleep benefits the retention of declarative information. However, sleep seems not to preferentially improve emotional memory, although it may affect the encoding of negative information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Carollo
- Department of General PsychologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | | | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General PsychologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
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22
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Sleep preferentially consolidates negative aspects of human memory: Well-powered evidence from two large online experiments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202657119. [PMID: 36279434 PMCID: PMC9636942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202657119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has called into question whether sleep improves memory, especially for emotional information. However, many of these studies used a relatively small number of participants and focused only on college student samples, limiting both the power of these findings and their generalizability to the wider population. Here, using the well-established emotional memory trade-off task, we investigated sleep’s impact on memory for emotional components of scenes in a large online sample of adults ranging in age from 18 to 59 y. Despite the limitations inherent in using online samples, this well-powered study provides strong evidence that sleep selectively consolidates negative emotional aspects of memory and that this effect generalizes to participants across young adulthood and middle age. Research suggests that sleep benefits memory. Moreover, it is often claimed that sleep selectively benefits memory for emotionally salient information over neutral information. However, not all scientists are convinced by this relationship [e.g., J. M. Siegel. Curr. Sleep Med. Rep., 7, 15–18 (2021)]. One criticism of the overall sleep and memory literature—like other literature—is that many studies are underpowered and lacking in generalizability [M. J. Cordi, B. Rasch. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 67, 1–7 (2021)], thus leaving the evidence mixed and confusing to interpret. Because large replication studies are sorely needed, we recruited over 250 participants spanning various age ranges and backgrounds in an effort to confirm sleep’s preferential emotional memory consolidation benefit using a well-established task. We found that sleep selectively benefits memory for negative emotional objects at the expense of their paired neutral backgrounds, confirming our prior work and clearly demonstrating a role for sleep in emotional memory formation. In a second experiment also using a large sample, we examined whether this effect generalized to positive emotional memory. We found that while participants demonstrated better memory for positive objects compared to their neutral backgrounds, sleep did not modulate this effect. This research provides strong support for a sleep-specific benefit on memory consolidation for specifically negative information and more broadly affirms the benefit of sleep for cognition.
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23
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Lipinska G, Austin H, Moonsamy JR, Henry M, Lewis R, Baldwin DS, Thomas KGF, Stuart B. Preferential consolidation of emotional reactivity during sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:976047. [PMID: 36268469 PMCID: PMC9578377 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.976047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated whether sleep affects cognitively unmodulated reactivity to emotional stimuli. These studies operationalize emotion regulation by using subjective and/or objective measures to compare pre- and post-sleep reactivity to the same emotional stimuli. Findings have been inconsistent: some show that sleep attenuates emotional reactivity, whereas others report enhanced or maintained reactivity. Across-study methodological differences may account for discrepant findings. To resolve the questions of whether sleep leads to the attenuation, enhancement, or maintenance of emotional reactivity, and under which experimental conditions particular effects are observed, we undertook a synthesized narrative and meta-analytic approach. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant articles, using search terms determined a priori and search limits of language = English, participants = human, and dates = January 2006–June 2021. Our final sample included 24 studies that investigated changes in emotional reactivity in response to negatively and/or positively valenced material compared to neutral material over a period of sleep compared to a matched period of waking. Primary analyses used random effects modeling to investigate whether sleep preferentially modulates reactivity in response to emotional stimuli; secondary analyses examined potential moderators of the effect. Results showed that sleep (or equivalent periods of wakefulness) did not significantly affect psychophysiological measures of reactivity to negative or neutral stimuli. However, self-reported arousal ratings of negative stimuli were significantly increased post-sleep but not post-waking. Sub-group analyses indicated that (a) sleep-deprived participants, compared to those who slept or who experienced daytime waking, reacted more strongly and negatively in response to positive stimuli; (b) nap-exposed participants, compared to those who remained awake or who slept a full night, rated negative pictures less negatively; and (c) participants who did not obtain substantial REM sleep, compared to those who did and those exposed to waking conditions, had attenuated reactivity to neutral stimuli. We conclude that sleep may affect emotional reactivity, but that studies need more consistency in methodology, commitment to collecting both psychophysiological and self-report measures, and should report REM sleep parameters. Using these methodological principles would promote a better understanding of under which conditions particular effects are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosia Lipinska
- UCT Sleep Sciences and Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuroscience Team (ACSENT), Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Gosia Lipinska
| | - Holly Austin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmin R. Moonsamy
- UCT Sleep Sciences and Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuroscience Team (ACSENT), Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle Henry
- UCT Sleep Sciences and Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuroscience Team (ACSENT), Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Numeracy Centre, Centre for Higher Education Development, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raphaella Lewis
- UCT Sleep Sciences and Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuroscience Team (ACSENT), Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David S. Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin G. F. Thomas
- UCT Sleep Sciences and Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuroscience Team (ACSENT), Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Beth Stuart
- Centre for Evaluation and Methods, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Cunningham TJ, Stickgold R, Kensinger EA. Investigating the effects of sleep and sleep loss on the different stages of episodic emotional memory: A narrative review and guide to the future. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:910317. [PMID: 36105652 PMCID: PMC9466000 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.910317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For two decades, sleep has been touted as one of the primary drivers for the encoding, consolidation, retention, and retrieval of episodic emotional memory. Recently, however, sleep’s role in emotional memory processing has received renewed scrutiny as meta-analyses and reviews have indicated that sleep may only contribute a small effect that hinges on the content or context of the learning and retrieval episodes. On the one hand, the strong perception of sleep’s importance in maintaining memory for emotional events may have been exacerbated by publication bias phenomena, such as the “winner’s curse” and “file drawer problem.” On the other hand, it is plausible that there are sets of circumstances that lead to consistent and reliable effects of sleep on emotional memory; these circumstances may depend on factors such as the placement and quality of sleep relative to the emotional experience, the content and context of the emotional experience, and the probes and strategies used to assess memory at retrieval. Here, we review the literature on how sleep (and sleep loss) influences each stage of emotional episodic memory. Specifically, we have separated previous work based on the placement of sleep and sleep loss in relation to the different stages of emotional memory processing: (1) prior to encoding, (2) immediately following encoding during early consolidation, (3) during extended consolidation, separated from initial learning, (4) just prior to retrieval, and (5) post-retrieval as memories may be restructured and reconsolidated. The goals of this review are three-fold: (1) examine phases of emotional memory that sleep may influence to a greater or lesser degree, (2) explicitly identify problematic overlaps in traditional sleep–wake study designs that are preventing the ability to better disentangle the potential role of sleep in the different stages of emotional memory processing, and (3) highlight areas for future research by identifying the stages of emotional memory processing in which the effect of sleep and sleep loss remains under-investigated. Here, we begin the task of better understanding the contexts and factors that influence the relationship between sleep and emotional memory processing and aim to be a valuable resource to facilitate hypothesis generation and promote important future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J. Cunningham
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Tony J. Cunningham,
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Kensinger
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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25
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Leong RLF, Lo JC, Chee MWL. Systematic review and meta-analyses on the effects of afternoon napping on cognition. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 65:101666. [PMID: 36041284 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Naps are increasingly considered a means to boost cognitive performance. We quantified the cognitive effects of napping in 60 samples from 54 studies. 52 samples evaluated memory. We first evaluated effect sizes for all tests together, before separately assessing their effects on memory, vigilance, speed of processing and executive function. We next examined whether nap effects were moderated by study features of age, nap length, nap start time, habituality and prior sleep restriction. Naps showed significant benefits for the total aggregate of cognitive tests (Cohen's d = 0.379, CI95 = 0.296-0.462). Significant domain specific effects were present for declarative (Cohen's d = 0.376, CI95 = 0.269-0.482) and procedural memory (Cohen's d = 0.494, CI95 = 0.301-0.686), vigilance (Cohen's d = 0.610, CI95 = 0.291-0.929) and speed of processing (Cohen's d = 0.211, CI95 = 0.052-0.369). There were no significant moderation effects of any of the study features. Nap effects were of comparable magnitude across subgroups of each of the 5 moderators (Q values = 0.009 to 8.572, p values > 0.116). Afternoon naps have a small to medium benefit over multiple cognitive tests. These effects transcend age, nap duration and tentatively, habituality and prior nocturnal sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - June C Lo
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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26
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Casaglia E, Luppi PH. Is paradoxical sleep setting up innate and acquired complex sensorimotor and adaptive behaviours?: A proposed function based on literature review. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13633. [PMID: 35596591 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We summarize here the progress in identifying the neuronal network as well as the function of paradoxical sleep and the gaps of knowledge that should be filled in priority. The core system generating paradoxical sleep localized in the brainstem is now well identified, and the next step is to clarify the role of the forebrain in particular that of the hypothalamus including the melanin-concentrating hormone neurons and of the basolateral amygdala. We discuss these two options, and also the discovery that cortical activation during paradoxical sleep is restricted to a few limbic cortices activated by the lateral supramammillary nucleus and the claustrum. Such activation nicely supports the findings recently obtained showing that neuronal reactivation occurs during paradoxical sleep in these structures, and induces both memory consolidation of important memory and forgetting of less relevant ones. The question that still remains to be answered is whether paradoxical sleep is playing more crucial roles in processing emotional and procedural than other types of memories. One attractive hypothesis is that paradoxical sleep is responsible for erasing negative emotional memories, and that this function is not properly functioning in depressed patients. On the other hand, the presence of a muscle atonia during paradoxical sleep is in favour of a role in procedural memory as new types of motor behaviours can be tried without harm during the state. In a way, it also fits with the proposed role of paradoxical sleep in setting up the sensorimotor system during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Casaglia
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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27
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Sleep in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:136. [PMID: 35365609 PMCID: PMC8976015 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysomnography (PSG) studies of sleep changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have reported but not fully established the relationship between sleep disturbances and AD. To better detail this relationship, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of reported PSG differences between AD patients and healthy controls. An electronic literature search was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE, All EBM databases, CINAHL, and PsycINFO inception to Mar 2021. Twenty-eight studies were identified for systematic review, 24 of which were used for meta-analysis. Meta-analyses revealed significant reductions in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and percentage of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and increases in sleep latency, wake time after sleep onset, number of awakenings, and REM latency in AD compared to controls. Importantly, both decreased SWS and REM were significantly associated with the severity of cognitive impairment in AD patients. Alterations in electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency components and sleep spindles were also observed in AD, although the supporting evidence for these changes was limited. Sleep in AD is compromised with increased measures of wake and decreased TST, SWS, and REM sleep relative to controls. AD-related reductions in SWS and REM sleep correlate with the degree of cognitive impairment. Alterations in sleep EEG frequency components such as sleep spindles may be possible biomarkers with relevance for diagnosing AD although their sensitivity and specificity remain to be clearly delineated. AD-related sleep changes are potential targets for early therapeutic intervention aimed at improving sleep and slowing cognitive decline.
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28
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Thomas KG, Bradley H, Chen A, Lipinska G. Trauma survivors with disrupted sleep generate less specific and less emotional autobiographical memories. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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29
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Cellini N, Mercurio M, Sarlo M. Sleeping over moral dilemmas modulates utilitarian decision-making. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMoral decision-making depends on the interaction between emotional and cognitive control processes, which are also affected by sleep. Here we aimed to assess the potential role of sleep in the modulation of moral decisions over time by testing the change in behavioral responses to moral dilemmas over time (1 week). Thirty-five young adults were tested twice, with one week between the sessions. In each session, participants were presented with 24 sacrificial (12 Footbridge- and 12 Trolley-type) and 6 everyday-type moral dilemmas. In sacrificial dilemmas, participants had to choose whether or not to kill one person to save more people (utilitarian choice), to judge how morally acceptable the proposed solution was, and how they felt in terms of valence and arousal during the decision. In everyday-type dilemmas, they had to decide whether to pursuit moral violations involving dishonest behavior. Between the sessions, the participants’ sleep pattern was assessed via actigraphy. We observed that participants reduced the utilitarian choices in the second session, and this effect was more pronounced for the Trolley-type dilemmas. We also showed that after a week participants judged the utilitarian choices as less morally acceptable, but there was no change in self-reported emotional reactivity (i.e., valence, and arousal). Moreover, sleep efficiency was mildly negatively associated with the changes in decision choices and moral acceptability for the Footbridge-type dilemmas. Taken together, our data suggest that dealing with a moral situation engages several interacting factors that seem to go beyond the competing roles of cognitive and emotional processes.
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30
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Zeng S, Lin X, Wang J, Hu X. Sleep's short-term memory preservation and long-term affect depotentiation effect in emotional memory consolidation: Behavioral and EEG evidence. Sleep 2021; 44:6307341. [PMID: 34153105 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep plays a pivotal role in the off-line processing of emotional memory. However, much remains unknown for its immediate vs. long-term influences. We employed behavioral and electrophysiological measures to investigate the short- and long-term impacts of sleep vs. sleep deprivation on emotional memory. METHODS Fifty-nine participants incidentally learned 60 negative and 60 neutral pictures in the evening and were randomly assigned to either sleep or sleep deprivation conditions. We measured memory recognition and subjective affective ratings in 12- and 60-hour post-encoding tests, with EEGs in the delayed test. RESULTS In a 12-hour post-encoding test, compared to sleep deprivation, sleep equally preserved both negative and neutral memory, and their affective tones. In the 60-hour post-encoding test, negative and neutral memories declined significantly in the sleep group, with attenuated emotional responses to negative memories over time. Furthermore, two groups showed spatial-temporally distinguishable ERPs at delayed test: while both groups showed the old-new frontal negativity (300-500 ms, FN400), sleep-deprived participants additionally showed an old-new parietal, Late Positive Component effect (600-1000 ms, LPC). Multivariate whole-brain ERPs analyses further suggested that sleep prioritized neural representation of emotion over memory processing, while they were less distinguishable in the sleep deprivation group. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that sleep's impact on emotional memory and affective responses is time-dependent: sleep preserved memories and affective tones in the short term, while ameliorating affective tones in the long term. Univariate and multivariate EEG analyses revealed different neurocognitive processing of remote, emotional memories between sleep and sleep deprivation groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzi Zeng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuanyi Lin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
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31
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Denis D, Kim SY, Kark SM, Daley RT, Kensinger EA, Payne JD. Slow oscillation-spindle coupling is negatively associated with emotional memory formation following stress. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2632-2650. [PMID: 33511691 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Both stress and sleep enhance emotional memory. They also interact, with the largest effect of sleep on emotional memory being seen when stress occurs shortly before or after encoding. Slow wave sleep (SWS) is critical for long-term episodic memory, facilitated by the temporal coupling of slow oscillations and sleep spindles. Prior work in humans has shown these associations for neutral information in non-stressed participants. Whether coupling interacts with stress to facilitate emotional memory formation is unknown. Here, we addressed this question by reanalyzing an existing dataset of 64 individuals. Participants underwent a psychosocial stressor (32) or comparable control (32) prior to the encoding of 150-line drawings of neutral, positive, and negative images. All participants slept overnight with polysomnography, before being given a surprise memory test the following day. In the stress group, time spent in SWS was positively correlated with memory for images of all valences. Results were driven by those who showed a high cortisol response to the stressor, compared to low responders. The amount of slow oscillation-spindle coupling during SWS was negatively associated with neutral and emotional memory in the stress group only. The association with emotional memory was significantly stronger than for neutral memory within the stress group. These results suggest that stress around the time of initial memory formation impacts the relationship between slow wave sleep and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Denis
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sara Y Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sarah M Kark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan T Daley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | - Jessica D Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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32
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Davidson P, Jönsson P, Carlsson I, Pace-Schott E. Does Sleep Selectively Strengthen Certain Memories Over Others Based on Emotion and Perceived Future Relevance? Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1257-1306. [PMID: 34335065 PMCID: PMC8318217 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s286701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep has been found to have a beneficial effect on memory consolidation. It has furthermore frequently been suggested that sleep does not strengthen all memories equally. The first aim of this review paper was to examine whether sleep selectively strengthens emotional declarative memories more than neutral ones. We examined this first by reviewing the literature focusing on sleep/wake contrasts, and then the literature on whether any specific factors during sleep preferentially benefit emotional memories, with a special focus on the often-suggested claim that rapid eye movement sleep primarily consolidates emotional memories. A second aim was to examine if sleep preferentially benefits memories based on other cues of future relevance such as reward, test-expectancy or different instructions during encoding. Once again, we first focused on studies comparing sleep and wake groups, and then on studies examining the contributions of specific factors during sleep (for each future relevance paradigm, respectively). The review revealed that although some support exists that sleep is more beneficial for certain kinds of memories based on emotion or other cues of future relevance, the majority of studies does not support such an effect. Regarding specific factors during sleep, our review revealed that no sleep variable has reliably been found to be specifically associated with the consolidation of certain kinds of memories over others based on emotion or other cues of future relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Jönsson
- School of Education and Environment, Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | | | - Edward Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
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33
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Astill Wright L, Barawi K, Simon N, Lewis C, Muss D, Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Bisson JI. The reconsolidation using rewind study (RETURN): trial protocol. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1844439. [PMID: 34377356 PMCID: PMC8330760 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1844439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An increasing body of research highlights reconsolidation-based therapies as emerging treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Rewind Technique is a non-pharmacological reconsolidation-based therapy with promising early results, which now requires evaluation through an RCT. Objectives: This is a preliminary efficacy RCT to determine if the Rewind Technique is likely to be a good candidate to test against usual care in a future pragmatic efficacy RCT. Methods: 40 participants will be randomised to receive either the Rewind Technique immediately, or after an 8 week wait. The primary outcome will be PTSD symptom severity as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM5 (CAPS-5) at 8 and 16 weeks post-randomisation. Secondary outcome measures include the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5), International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Insomnia Severity Index, the Euro-Qol-5D (EQ5D-5 L), the prominence of re-experiencing specific symptoms (CAPS-5) and an intervention acceptability questionnaire to measure tolerability of the intervention. Conclusions: This study will be the first RCT to assess the Rewind Technique. Using a cross-over methodology we hope to rigorously assess the efficacy and tolerability of Rewind using pragmatic inclusion criteria. Potential challenges include participant recruitment and retention. Trial registration: ISRCTN91345822.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Astill Wright
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kali Barawi
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Natalie Simon
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Catrin Lewis
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Muss
- International Association for Rewind Trauma Therapy, UK
| | - Neil P Roberts
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.,Directorate of Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Neil J Kitchiner
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.,Directorate of Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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34
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Bueno-Lopez A, Eggert T, Dorn H, Schmid G, Hirtl R, Danker-Hopfe H. Effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on sleep-dependent memory consolidation. J Sleep Res 2020; 30:e13224. [PMID: 33166026 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) emitted by mobile telephony might affect specific sleep features. Possible effects of RF-EMF emitted by Wi-Fi networks on sleep-dependent memory consolidation processes have not been investigated so far. The present study explored the impact of an all-night Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) exposure on sleep-dependent memory consolidation and its associated physiological correlates. Thirty young males (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 24.1 ± 2.9 years) participated in this double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled crossover study. Participants spent five nights in the laboratory. The first night was an adaptation/screening night. The second and fourth nights were baseline nights, each followed consecutively by an experimental night with either Wi-Fi (maximum: psSAR10g = <25 mW/kg; 6 min average: <6.4 mW/kg) or sham exposure. Declarative, emotional and procedural memory performances were measured using a word pair, a sequential finger tapping and a face recognition task, respectively. Furthermore, learning-associated brain activity parameters (power spectra for slow oscillations and in the spindle frequency range) were analysed. Although emotional and procedural memory were not affected by RF-EMF exposure, overnight improvement in the declarative task was significantly better in the Wi-Fi condition. However, none of the post-learning sleep-specific parameters was affected by exposure. Thus, the significant effect of Wi-Fi exposure on declarative memory observed at the behavioural level was not supported by results at the physiological level. Due to these inconsistencies, this result could also be a random finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bueno-Lopez
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Competence Center of Sleep Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Eggert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Competence Center of Sleep Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Dorn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Competence Center of Sleep Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rene Hirtl
- Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Heidi Danker-Hopfe
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Competence Center of Sleep Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Cordi MJ, Rasch B. How robust are sleep-mediated memory benefits? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 67:1-7. [PMID: 32711356 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Memories benefit from a retention interval filled with sleep. Current theories assume that this beneficial effect relies on consolidation processes occurring during slow-wave sleep (SWS). However, in the last years, several key findings supporting these theories could not be replicated or occurred only under certain conditions, suggesting that effects of sleep on memory are smaller, more task-dependent, less SWS-related, less robust and less long-lasting than previously assumed. In this review, we summarize recent replication failures, null-findings, meta-analyses and studies reporting important boundary conditions for the effect of sleep on declarative memory. We argue that more attempts to replicate and meta-analytic approaches together with higher standards for reproducible science are critical to advance the field of sleep and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Jasmin Cordi
- Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Biopsychology and Methods, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Biopsychology and Methods, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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36
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Cox R, Fell J. Analyzing human sleep EEG: A methodological primer with code implementation. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 54:101353. [PMID: 32736239 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a surge in human sleep electroencephalography (EEG) studies, employing increasingly sophisticated analysis strategies to relate electrophysiological activity to cognition and disease. However, properly calculating and interpreting metrics used in contemporary sleep EEG requires attention to numerous theoretical and practical signal-processing details that are not always obvious. Moreover, the vast number of outcome measures that can be derived from a single dataset inflates the risk of false positives and threatens replicability. We review several methodological issues related to 1) spectral analysis, 2) montage choice, 3) extraction of phase and amplitude information, 4) surrogate construction, and 5) minimizing false positives, illustrating both the impact of methodological choices on downstream results, and the importance of checking processing steps through visualization and simplified examples. By presenting these issues in non-mathematical form, with sleep-specific examples, and with code implementation, this paper aims to instill a deeper appreciation of methodological considerations in novice and non-technical audiences, and thereby help improve the quality of future sleep EEG studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Cox
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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