Long-term results after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: a mean fourteen year follow-up study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:633-640. [PMID: 25066440 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.03.019]

Trends in bariatric surgery revisions: a 25-year single-institution experience

BACKGROUND

Revisional bariatric surgery (RBS) is now the third most performed metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) in the USA. This study aims to describe trends in MBS revisions at a single large academic institution over 25 years.

METHODS

We identified patients who underwent an MBS revision between 2000 and 2024 at a single large quaternary referral center from a prospectively maintained database. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records to collect pertinent data related to MBS history and conducted a descriptive review of the data to evaluate trends.

RESULTS

A total of 667 patients underwent a first-time bariatric surgery revision; 364 (54.5%) performed surgically and 303 (45.5%) endoscopically. There was a noticeable trend toward endoscopic revisions indicated for weight-related indications, particularly over the past decade. For surgical revisions, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) was the most revised primary MBS operation overall, surpassed by sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in recent years. A greater diversity of indications was observed for surgical compared with endoscopic revisions. Additionally, 14.9% of patients required more than one bariatric revision procedure.

CONCLUSION

Bariatric surgery revisions are increasingly common, highlighting the chronicity of obesity and the need for long-term management. We identified general trends over time toward therapeutic interventions increasingly utilizing minimally invasive surgery and transoral endoscopic techniques. Transoral endoscopic revisions were primarily used for weight-related indications after RYGB, with many other indications managed exclusively through surgery.

Weight Recidivism After Bariatric Surgery: A Narrative Review

Bariatric surgery, while effective for severe obesity, is often challenged by postoperative weight regain (WR), affecting 20-30% of patients. This review analyzes the mechanisms, risk factors, and management strategies for WR, emphasizing surgical considerations. WR is influenced by hormonal adaptations, including ghrelin rebound and leptin resistance, as well as metabolic adaptation, leading to reduced resting energy expenditure. Surgical factors, such as suboptimal technique, gastro-gastric fistulas, and stomach/anastomosis dilation, significantly contribute to WR. Specifically, inaccurate sleeve or pouch sizing, poorly calibrated anastomoses, and complications with gastric banding necessitate careful surgical planning and potential revision. Management strategies encompass lifestyle interventions (diet, exercise, behavioral therapy), pharmacotherapy (GLP-1 receptor agonists like liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide), and revisional surgery. Revisional procedures, including sleeve-to-bypass, bypass revision, sleeve-to-duodenal switch/SADI, and band removal with conversion to sleeve or bypass, address anatomical failures and enhance weight loss. Distinguishing surgical failure from patient nonadherence is crucial for appropriate intervention. Ultimately, a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach integrating these strategies optimizes long-term weight management and improves patient outcomes after bariatric surgery.

Esophagogastric cancer surgery characteristics and outcomes in bariatric patients, compared with non-bariatric patients

BACKGROUND

The association between bariatric surgery and esophagogastric cancer (EGC) is debated. This study aimed to assess EGC characteristics and surgery outcomes comparing bariatric and non-bariatric patients.

METHODS

Single-center retrospective analysis of prospective EGC surgery database.

RESULTS

EGC-surgery was performed in 269 patients, classified as bariatric (N.=10, 3.3%), and non-bariatric (N.=259, 96.6%) groups. Non-bariatric group was sub-classified into body mass index (BMI) <35 kg/m2 (N.=244) and >35 kg/m2 (N.=15). BMI was 35.3±5.6 vs. 25.7±16.1 and 37.8±8.7 kg/m2 in bariatric vs. non-bariatric-BMI <35 and >35, respectively (P<0.001). Bariatric patients were significantly younger (56.75±11 vs. 71±10 and 68.38±8.2 years; P<0.001). They tended to have lower rates of diabetes mellitus (30% vs. 43.9% and 73.3%; P=0.05) and significantly lower hypertension rates (50%, vs.86.5% and 93.3%, P<0.004). Bariatric procedures were performed 11.3 years (IQR 5.5-16.5) prior to EGC-surgery. Tumor characteristics were statistically comparable except a significantly higher number of positive LN in the bariatric group (6.9±13.6 vs. 2.7±4.9 and 1.9±4.8; P=0.006), and more bariatric patients received adjuvant treatment (P=0.035). Postoperative major complication rates (0% vs. 25.8%, and 33.3%; P=0.14) and length of hospital stay (14.1±15.3, vs. 23±28.5, and 21±18 days; P=0.59) were comparable. There was no significant difference in Disease- free survival (P=0.42) or overall survival (P=0.48) between patient-groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Bariatric patients were diagnosed with EGC at a younger age, and tended to have worse nodal involvement. Although outcomes were comparable, clinical and endoscopic surveillance seem important as EGC can occur 10 years or earlier than in non-bariatric patients.

Metabolic surgery in improving arterial health in obese individuals

PURPOSE

Arterial stiffness has gained recognition as a stand-alone risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is intricately linked to elevated arterial stiffness, the development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and the emergence of diastolic dysfunction, all of which collectively contribute substantially to an unfavorable prognosis. Weight loss has become a standard recommendation for all patients with CVD concurrent with morbid obesity; however, randomized evidence to support this recommendation was limited earlier. The latest scientific studies revealed dynamic changes in aortic stiffness after substantial weight loss by bariatric surgery, also known as metabolic surgery, in patients with obesity. There is also a favorable evolution in LV hypertrophy and a significant impact on arterial hypertension and other promising cardiovascular outcomes in obese people after bariatric surgery.

METHODS/RESULTS

We aimed to examine the cardiovascular effects of various metabolic surgeries in morbidly obese individuals, especially their role in improving arterial health, the potential impact on surrogate markers of atherosclerotic vascular disease, and consequently reducing the likelihood of cardiovascular events.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, metabolic surgery is associated with a significant decrease in the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and all-cause mortality among obese individuals, alongside remarkable enhancement of arterial health. These findings underscore the critical importance of implementing strategies to combat obesity and reduce adiposity within the general population.

The Safety of Abdominal Contouring in the Presence of a Gastric Band

Background

Gastric bands, specifically the Lap-Band, have been widely used for weight loss. However, little is known about the complications associated with abdominal contouring procedures in patients with Lap-Bands. This study aimed to determine the complication rates and consent processes for these procedures.

Methods

We conducted a survey study of 300 members of the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Commonly performed abdominal contouring procedures included abdominal liposuction, abdominoplasty, and combined abdominoplasty with abdominal liposuction.

Results

The overall infection rate was low (1%) and did not significantly differ between the procedural groups. Abdominoplasty and combined liposuction with abdominoplasty had significantly higher complication rates (4.7% and 10.5%, respectively) than liposuction alone (1%, P = 0.0004). Abdominoplasty procedures also had higher rates of port/tubing malposition (2.3%, P = 0.04) and system leaks (1.6%, P = 0.003). Approximately 59% of plastic surgeons provided written or dictated consent as part of the standard procedural consent to address the presence of the Lap-Band, whereas 8% of plastic surgeons provided a separate written or printed signed consent specifically related to the procedure in the presence of a Lap-Band.

Conclusions

Our study supports the relative safety of aesthetic abdominal contouring procedures in patients with gastric bands but highlights the increased risk of complications in the presence of a Lap-Band. Surgeons should use careful dissection techniques to minimize complications and consider involving a bariatric surgeon, especially with abdominoplasty procedures. Surgical consent should explicitly outline the risks identified in this study to ensure that patients are fully informed.

Comparison of One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy for Revision of Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding: 5-Year Outcomes

PURPOSE

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is in continuous decline due to low effectiveness and high reoperation rates. This study aims to evaluate outcomes of converting LAGB to one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) for insufficient weight loss or weight regain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective comparative study, based on prospective registry database of a tertiary center (2012-2019).

RESULTS

In all, 276 LAGB patients were converted to OAGB (n = 125) and SG (n = 151). Body mass index (BMI) at revision was 41.3 ± 6.6 and 42.3 ± 9.6 kg/m2 (P = 0.34) in OAGB and SG patients, respectively. Time interval was longer in OAGB patients (p < 0.001). Major early complication rates were comparable (2.4% and 4%; p = 0.46). At 5-years, OAGB patients had lower BMI (31.9 vs. 34.5 kg/m2; p = 0.002), and a higher total weight loss (25.1% vs. 18.8%; p = 0.003), compared with SG patients. Resolution of type 2 diabetes was higher in OAGB patients (93.3% vs. 66.6%; p = 0.047), while resolution of hypertension was not significantly different (84.6% and 80.5%; p = 0.68). Revision due to delayed complications was required in five (4%) OAGB patients and nine (8.6%) SG patients (p = 0.14).

CONCLUSION

OAGB for revision after LAGB due to insufficient weight loss or weight regain is safe, and has better effectiveness in weight reduction and resolution of type 2 diabetes than SG.

Comparison of the mid-term outcomes of banded and non-banded sleeve gastrectomy: safety, food tolerance, and weight regain

BACKGROUND

Long-term weight regain (WR) after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a major challenge. Laparoscopic banded SG (BSG) was introduced to overcome pouch dilation and, consequently, WR; however, its mid-and long-term outcomes have not been sufficiently demonstrated.

OBJECTIVE

This study retrospectively evaluated the mid-term weight loss efficacy and morbidity over at least a 4-year follow-up after laparoscopic banded SG using a MiniMizer Gastric Ring® and laparoscopic non-banded SG.

METHOD

The data of 1586 bariatric surgeries were retrospectively evaluated. To ensure homogeneity in our study cohort, propensity score matching (PSM) was performed.

RESULTS

The final cohort comprised 1392 patients: the non-banded SG (n = 1260) and BSG (n = 132) groups. In our matched cohort (SG, n = 655 and BSG, n = 132), WR was noted in 4 (3.0%) and 71 (10.8%) patients in the BSG and SG groups, respectively. Gastric band erosion or slippage was not noted in the BSG cohort. The levels of cholesterol and triglyceride were similar in the two groups. Postoperative glycemic control was significantly reduced in the BSG group.

CONCLUSION

Although the percentage of weight loss achieved in the BSG group was low in the first year postoperatively, the mid-term (sustained) weight loss associated with BSG was superior to that associated with non-banded SG. BSG is a safe procedure with no significant mid-term band-related morbidity; its impact on the resolution of comorbidities is equivalent and perhaps superior to SG.

Quality of Life after Bariatric Surgery-A Systematic Review

Background: Most studies analyzing the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after bariatric treatment ceased at five years post-surgery or even earlier, and it is unclear whether the HRQOL benefit persists for a longer time. This paper reviews sparse evidence regarding HRQOL in patients who underwent bariatric surgery at least nine years prior. Materials and Methods: A of PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar between 2007–2021 was carried out for the studies investigating HRQOL as an outcome measure in patients after bariatric surgery of any type and having at least a 9-year follow-up. Inconsistent reporting of weight loss or postgraduate study results unrelated to QoL were not included in the study. The study used the PICO procedure. Results: The review of 18 identified publications demonstrated that bariatric treatment seems to provide a persistent benefit in terms of HRQOL, especially its physical component score. Due to psychological predispositions, some patients appear to be less likely to benefit from bariatric treatment, whether in terms of HRQOL or bodyweight reduction. Inconsistent and imprecise studies may limit the evidence included in a review. Conclusions: The early identification of such patients and providing them with holistic care, including psychological intervention, would likely further improve the outcomes of bariatric treatment.

Long-Term Weight Outcome After Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene Variants: a Case-Control Study of 105 Patients

INTRODUCTION

Pathogenic heterozygous MC4R variants are associated with hyperphagia and variable degrees of obesity. Several research groups have reported short-term weight loss outcomes after bariatric surgery in a few patients with MC4R variants, but lack of longer-term data prevents evidence-based clinical decision-making.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bariatric surgery patients with heterozygous (likely) pathogenic MC4R variants, from three collaborating centers in the Netherlands, France, and the UK, were compared to matched controls (matched 2:1 for age, sex, preoperative BMI, surgical procedure, and diabetes mellitus, but without MC4R mutations). Weight loss and regain outcomes up to 6 years of follow-up were compared.

RESULTS

At 60 months of follow-up after RYGB, cases with MC4R variants showed weight regain with a mean of 12.8% (± 10.4 SD) total weight loss (TWL) from nadir, compared to 7.9% (± 10.5 SD) in the controls (p = 0.062). Among patients receiving SG, the cases with MC4R variants experienced inferior weight loss (22.6% TWL) during the first year of follow-up compared to the controls (29.9% TWL) (p = 0.010).

CONCLUSIONS

This multicenter study reveals inferior mid-term weight outcomes of cases with MC4R variants after SG, compared to RYGB. Since adequate weight loss outcomes were observed after RYGB, this procedure would appear to be an appropriate surgical approach for this group. However, the pattern of weight regain seen in cases with MC4R variants after both RYGB and SG highlights the need for pro-active lifelong management to prevent relapse, as well as careful expectation management.

Progress in treatment of type 2 diabetes by bariatric surgery

The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Bariatric surgical procedures, such as the vertical sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, are the most efficient approaches to obtain substantial and durable remission of T2D. The benefits of bariatric surgery are realized through the consequent increased satiety and alterations in gastrointestinal hormones, bile acids, and the intestinal microbiota. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which various bariatric surgical procedures exert their benefits on T2D could contribute to the design of better non-surgical treatments for T2D. In this review, we describe the classification and evolution of bariatric surgery and explore the multiple mechanisms underlying the effect of bariatric surgery on insulin resistance. Based upon our summarization of the current knowledge on the underlying mechanisms, we speculate that the gut might act as a new target for improving T2D. Our ultimate goal with this review is to provide a better understanding of T2D pathophysiology in order to support development of T2D treatments that are less invasive and more scalable.

Is Revisional Gastric Bypass as Effective as Primary Gastric Bypass for Weight Loss and Improvement of Comorbidities?

BACKGROUND

Revisional gastric bypass (R-RYGB) surgery is utilized for the management of inadequate weight loss or weight regain observed after some cases of bariatric surgeries. Data on the mid-term effectiveness of primary gastric bypass (P-RYGB) compared with R-RYGB (e.g., post sleeve gastrectomy/gastric banding) are controversial.

METHODS

Retrospective chart review of all patients who received P-RYGB and R-RYGB (January 2011-June 2015) at our center. One hundred twenty patients who underwent P-RYGB and 34 R-RYGB who completed 18 months follow-up were included. We compared the effectiveness of P-RYGB with R-RYGB by assessing four anthropometric, two glycemic, and four lipid parameters, as well as the control of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia (remission, improvement, persistence, relapse, de novo), mortality and complications rates.

RESULTS

A comparison of the effectiveness of P-RYGB with R-RYGB at 18 months revealed no significant differences in patients' age, gender, and preoperative BMI between groups. However, patients who received P-RYGB had lower mean weight (P = 0.001) and BMI (P < 0.001), reflected by a higher mean delta BMI (P = 0.02), total weight loss percentage (TWL%) (P < 0.0001) and excess weight loss percentage (EWL%) (P < 0.0001). No differences in glycemic parameters, lipid profiles, control of T2DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were observed. No death is reported and complication rates were comparable.

CONCLUSIONS

Although R-RYGB effectively addressed inadequate weight loss, weight regain, and recurrence of comorbidities after restrictive bariatric surgery, R-RYGB resulted in inferior weight loss compared with P-RYGB. Neither procedure differed in their clinical control of T2DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Both procedures exhibited comparable complication rates.

Role of Imaging in Bariatric Surgery: A Review of the Various Surgical Techniques and Their Complications

According to the World Health Organization, obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with at least 2.8 million people dying each year as a result of being overweight or obese. Bariatric surgery is being increasingly used as a form of treatment, particularly in those patients where lifestyle modifications are deemed insufficient. With the role of radiologists transitioning from a medical to a surgical evaluation in obesity, it is becoming increasingly important to familiarize oneself with the various imaging techniques used in the preoperative and postsurgical evaluation in such cases. This article aims to review the various surgeries performed, their normal imaging appearance, and the various complications that could be encountered.

Conversion of Adjustable Gastric Banding to Stapling Bariatric Procedures: Single- or Two-stage Approach

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to compare the safety of single- versus two-stage conversion of adjustable gastric band (AGB) to gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG).

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

AGB patients often present for conversion to RYGB or SG. The impact of single- or two-stage approach of such conversion remains unclear.

METHODS

A statewide database was used to identify all patients who underwent AGB removal and concurrent (single-stage) or interval (two-stage) RYGB or SG. Propensity score matching schemes were constructed to account for differences in baseline comorbidities and demographics, allowing for matched pairs available for comparisons.

RESULTS

A total of 4330 patients underwent AGB conversion. Complications, readmissions, and ED visits were noted in 394 (9.1%), 278 (6.42%), and 589 (13.6%) patients, respectively. Three hundred sixty-seven matched pairs underwent RYGB; single-stage patients experienced shorter length of stay (LOS) (median difference -1 d, P < 0.0001), less complications [risk difference (RD): -8.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI), -13.4% to -3.5%], readmissions (RD: -5.2%, 95% CI, -9.6% to -0.8%), and ED visits (RD: -5.7%, 95% CI, -11.3% to -0.2%). Eight hundred seventy-five matched pairs underwent SG; single-stage patients experienced improved outcomes in all measures examined. For single-stage procedures (809 pairs), RYGB was associated with longer LOS, and more complications (RD: 3.3%, 95% CI, 0.9%-5.8%), with similar readmissions, and ED visits.

CONCLUSIONS

AGB conversion procedures have low morbidity. Single-stage conversion is associated with lower morbidity compared with the two-stage approach. Conversion to SG seems to be safer than RYGB.

Unexpected Gastrointestinal Tract injury years following Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding

INTRODUCTION

Band migration is a late complication of Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding insertion, although rare it could be life threatening presenting as peritonitis secondary to gastro-intestinal tract injuries. A case of an unexpected extension of severe gastro-intestinal tract injuries secondary to intra-gastric migration and distal band dislocation is reported.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 53 years old male, with a history of laparoscopic gastric banding 15 years before and known erosion of the band into the gastric lumen was admitted for abdominal pain and raised serum amylase. Imaging revealed dislocation of the band down to the jejunum. Endoscopy and exploratory surgery showed severe decubitus pressure on the gastric antrum up to the duodenum as well as on the pancreas due to rod-like effect of the gastric band catheter and multiple sites of perforation on distal duodenum and small bowel proximal to the band, which migrated within the lumen until 90 cm distal to the Treitz ligament. Extended distal gastrectomy and resection of distal duodenum and small bowel extended to the proximal affected small bowel were necessary. Digestive tract was restored by a gastro-jejunostomy and duodeno-jejunostomy in a Roux-En-Y configuration with duodenal stump closure on tube duodenostomy. A post-operative leakage from the duodenal stump was treated conservatively and the patient was discharged on post-operative day 21.

DISCUSSION

Erosion and migration of the band within the digestive lumen is one of the less frequent late complications occurring after LAGB, furthermore, the amount of extensive damage reported in this case presentation has yet to be reported in literature.

CONCLUSION

Migration of the band should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal complain in patients with adjustable gastric banding. Such a complication could be severe, and lesions may have unexpected extension requiring complex surgical approach.

Revisional One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass After Restrictive Index Surgery-a Metaanalysis and Comparison with Revisional Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

BACKGROUND

One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) was established as a recognized bariatric procedure in the 2018 International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) position statement. This study evaluates the outcomes of revisional OAGB (rOAGB) after a restrictive index procedure, and to compare it to revisional RYGB (rRYGB).

METHODS

A literature search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines on papers published from inception till February 2020. Original studies involving patients who underwent rOAGB after a primary failed restrictive procedure were included. The primary outcome measured was postrOAGB weight loss. Secondary outcome measures include comorbidity resolution, operative duration, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality.

RESULTS

A total of 21 studies with 1377 patients were included. Five studies compared rOAGB versus rRYGB. Majority of the patients (76%) were female, with mean age of 43.5 years old. Mean body mass index (BMI) before revisional surgery was 41.6 kg/m². The most common biliopancreatic limb length was 200 cm. Percentage of excess weight loss after rOAGB increases to a maximum of 76.0% at 48 months postsurgery. rOAGB resulted in a pooled prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea resolution of 74.9%, 48.4%, 63.2%, and 75.7% respectively. When compared to rRYGB, rOAGB demonstrated greater weight loss, comparable metabolic syndrome resolution, but with a shorter operating time. Morbidity and mortality rates were low across all studies.

CONCLUSIONS

rOAGB has potential as an alternative revisional surgery, with weight loss profiles and rates of metabolic syndrome resolution that are comparable to rRYGB.

Bariatric Surgery for Monogenic Non-syndromic and Syndromic Obesity Disorders

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The global prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly over the last decades, posing a severe threat to human health. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective therapy for patients with morbid obesity. It is unknown whether this treatment is also suitable for patients with obesity due to a confirmed genetic defect (genetic obesity disorders). Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the role of bariatric surgery in the treatment of genetic obesity.

RECENT FINDINGS

In monogenic non-syndromic obesity, an underlying genetic defect seems to be the most important factor determining the efficacy of bariatric surgery. In syndromic obesity, bariatric surgery result data are scarce, and even though some promising follow-up results have been reported, caution is required as patients with more severe behavioral and developmental disorders might have poorer outcomes. There is limited evidence in support of bariatric surgery as a treatment option for genetic obesity disorders; hence, no strong statements can be made regarding the efficacy and safety of these procedures for these patients. However, considering that patients with genetic obesity often present with life-threatening obesity-related comorbidities, we believe that bariatric surgery could be considered a last-resort treatment option in selected patients.

Eroded adjustable gastric band migration causing gastric obstruction and perforation in a pregnant lady

•

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) was considered as one of the most effective management for morbid obesity, with outstanding long-term results on weight loss, comorbidities, and quality of life.

•

Reported complications of LAGB include erosion, infection, migration, obstruction, and rarely ischemia.

•

We report a case of pregnant woman who underwent LAGB 12 years ago diagnosed as gastric obstruction and perforation that was managed by central gastrectomy with gastro-gastrostomy.

•

We encourage the bariatric surgeons to be attentive LAGB complications among women planning for pregnancy.

Background

The laparoscopic adjustable gastric band is the least invasive bariatric surgery, which has the advantage of preserving the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract. In the last two decades, the laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) has largely been replaced by other surgical techniques for weight loss because of its high inseparable complications. Although a popular surgical technique at the time of its introduction in 1993, LAGB nowadays reports for not more than 5.5% of all bariatric procedures. The estimated overall long term complication rates of LAGB are ranging from 0.1% to 28%.

Objective

In this report, we review one of the cases that are considered as an anecdotic event that might follow one of the bariatric procedures.

Methods

We reported a pregnant lady who undergoes gastric banding 12 years ago. presented with progressively increasing colicky epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. The investigations show gastric obstruction and perforation secondary to eroded gastric band and migration.

Results

The management was completed by the elimination of the gastric band proceed with central gastrectomy plus gastro-gastrostomy with an excellent outcome for the patient and her baby.

Conclusion

This case highlights an absolutely rare serial complication, that may happen even when the patient presents with a vague complaint. Intraoperative findings can determine the way of management to achieve suitable results. Lastly; we encourage the young Women who underwent or planning for bariatric surgery to do a careful follow-up.

Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding-Should a Second Chance Be Given?

Background

Obesity is a chronic relapsing-remitting disease and a global pandemic, being associated with multiple comorbidities. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is one of the safest surgical procedures used for the treatment of obesity, and even though its popularity has been decreasing over time, it still remains an option for a certain group of patients, producing considerable weight loss and improvement in obesity-associated comorbidities.

Methods

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of weight loss following LAGB on obesity-associated comorbidities, and to identify factors that could predict better response to surgery, and patient sub-groups exhibiting greatest benefit. A total of 99 severely obese patients (81.2% women, mean age 44.19 ± 10.94 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 51.84 ± 8.77 kg/m²) underwent LAGB in a single institution. Results obtained 1, 2, and 5 years postoperatively were compared with the pre-operative values using SPPS software version 20.

Results

A significant drop in BMI was recorded throughout the follow-up period, as well as in A1c and triglycerides, with greatest improvement seen 2 years after surgery (51.8 ± 8.7 kg/m² vs 42.3 ± 9.2 kg/m², p < 0.05, 55.5 ± 19.1 mmol/mol vs 45.8 ± 13.7 mmol/mol, p < 0.05, and 2.2 ± 1.7 mmol/l vs 1.5 ± 0.6 mmol/l). Better outcomes were seen in younger patients, with lower duration of diabetes before surgery, and lower pre-operative systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions

Younger age, lower degree of obesity, and lower severity of comorbidities at the time of surgery can be important predictors of successful weight loss, making this group of patients the ideal candidates for LAGB.

The fate of laparoscopic adjustable gastric band removal

Background

Long-term complications and lack of weight loss have caused a surge in laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) removal. This study reviews the trend of LAGB removal and examines outcomes of patients undergoing subsequent revision bariatric surgery at a single tertiary care centre in Canada.

Methods

All LAGB removals performed between January 2008 and December 2016 were reviewed. A subset of patients who underwent revision surgery was then analyzed for patient demographics, weight, body mass index and postoperative complications.

Results

During the study period, 211 patients underwent LAGB removal (87.7% female). Most bands were inserted out of province. Reasons for band removal included dysphagia, band slip and weight recidivism. Fifty-nine patients (28%) underwent revision surgery at a mean of 12.8 ± 9.3 (range 0–55) months after LAGB removal. Mean age was 47 ± 9.7 (range 26–63) years, and mean pre-LAGB weight was 131.0 ± 30.0 kg. Following LAGB, the mean weight decreased to 120.5 ± 26.4 kg, but most regained weight after removal to a mean prerevision weight of 125.1 ± 27.0 kg. The lowest mean weight was achieved 12 months after revision surgery (98.7 ± 30.2 kg). The mean percent total weight loss was not significantly different after revision laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass compared with revision laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (22.8 ± 9.6% v.17.5 ± 6.5%, p = 0.179). The overall revision surgery 30-day complication rate was 18.6% and increased to 23.7% long-term. No deaths occurred.

Conclusion

The number of LAGB removals is increasing. Revision bariatric surgery leads to improved weight loss; however, revision surgery is associated with complications.

Is it possible to improve long-term results of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with appropriate patient selection?

Introduction

The gastric band is still offered as a good bariatric option for highly motivated and carefully selected patients. The question is whether this faith is justified or not.

Aim

To assess long-term clinical outcomes of patients who underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) at a single bariatric center and to examine variables associated with patients’ adherence to scheduled postoperative appointments.

Material and methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent LAGB between 2004 and 2009 was performed. The initial cohort included 167 patients. Data regarding sex, age, preoperative weight, hometown population and distance from the bariatric center, and gastric band volume were collected. Compliance was measured as the number of postoperative appointments. Clinical outcome was defined as percent excess weight loss (%EWL) at the end of the observation period or at band removal.

Results

The LAGB was performed in 167 patients between 2004 and 2009. The mean follow-up time was 90 ±24 months. Five (3%) patients were lost to follow-up; 37 (22.2%) had their band removed. The remaining 125 (74.8%) patients retained their bands and were included in the analysis. The mean %EWL was 33.0 ±26.6%. Thirty-one (18.6%) patients achieved %EWL > 50%.

Conclusions

This study found that LAGB was not an effective bariatric procedure in long-term observation. Only 25% of 125 patients who maintained a functioning band achieved %EWL > 50%. Compliance was the only independent prognostic factor for weight loss. Other factors had no influence on outcome.

Long-Term Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Weight Loss at 10 or More Years for All Bariatric Procedures and a Single-Centre Review of 20-Year Outcomes After Adjustable Gastric Banding

Introduction

Durability is a key requirement for the broad acceptance of bariatric surgery. We report on durability at and beyond 10 years with a systematic review and meta-analysis of all reports providing data at 10 or more years and a single-centre study of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) with 20 years of follow-up.

Methods

Systematic review with meta-analysis was performed on all eligble reports containing 10 or more years of follow-up data on weight loss after bariatric surgery. In addition, a prospective cohort study of LAGB patients measuring weight loss and reoperation at up to 20 years is presented.

Results

Systematic review identified 57 datasets of which 33 were eligible for meta-analysis. Weighted means of the percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) were calculated for all papers included in the systematic review. Eighteen reports of gastric bypass showed a weighted mean of 56.7%EWL, 17 reports of LAGB showed 45.9%EWL, 9 reports of biliopancreatic bypass +/− duodenal switch showed 74.1%EWL and 2 reports of sleeve gastrectomy showed 58.3%EWL. Meta-analyses of eligible studies demonstrated comparable results. Reoperations were common in all groups. At a single centre, 8378 LAGB patients were followed for up to 20 years with an overall follow-up rate of 54%. No surgical deaths occurred. Weight loss at 20 years (N = 35) was 30.1 kg, 48.9%EWL and 22.2% total weight loss (%TWL). Reoperation rate was initially high but reduced markedly with improved band and surgical and aftercare techniques.

Conclusion

All current procedures are associated with substantial and durable weight loss. More long-term data are needed for one-anastomosis gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Reoperation is likely to remain common across all procedures.

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Ten-year Results in a Cohort of 658 Patients

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this paper is to report, with a high follow-up rate, 10-year results in a large cohort of patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) done essentially by laparoscopy.

BACKGROUND

RYGBP has been performed for 50 years, including 20 years by laparoscopy, yet very few long-term results have been reported, mostly after open surgery.

METHODS

Prospective bariatric database established since the introduction of bariatric surgery. Retrospective data analysis on weight loss, long-term complications, quality of life, and comorbidities.

RESULTS

In all, 658 consecutive patients (515 women/143 men) were included: 554 with primary RYGBP, 104 with reoperative RYGBP. There was 1 (0.15%) postoperative death. Thirty-two (5%) patients died during follow-up from causes unrelated to surgery. Ten years after primary RYGBP, patients lost 28.6 ± 10.5% of their initial weight, corresponding to a mean of 13.2 body mass index (BMI) units. Among them, 72.8% achieved a BMI <35. Weight loss ≥20% was seen in 80.3% and <10% in 3.9% of patients. Results were similar in patients undergoing primary or reoperative RYGBP, but were better in patients who were initially less obese (BMI <50 kg/m) than in superobese patients. Quality of life and comorbidities significantly improved with 80% resolution or improvement of metabolic comorbidities. All patients required supplementations, and 14.6% required long-term reoperation.

CONCLUSIONS

RYGBP provides long-term satisfactory weight loss up to 10 years, and significantly improves quality of life and comorbidities. Long-term complications requiring reoperation can develop. Mineral and vitamin supplementation are universally necessary. Other more effective surgical options should be discussed in patients with very severe obesity.

Long-term outcomes and frequency of reoperative bariatric surgery beyond 15 years after gastric banding: a high band failure rate with safe revisions

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) has had encouraging early results. However, intermediate and late results were discouraging, and LAGB is presently being replaced by stapled procedures. There is still ongoing debate whether LAGB should be abandoned altogether.

OBJECTIVE

To present our outcomes beyond 15-year follow-up after LAGB.

SETTING

Private hospital, Bern, Switzerland.

METHODS

This is a retrospective review of patients receiving LAGB between 1997 and 2002 with minimum 15-year follow-up. Patient characteristics, co-morbidities, reoperative bariatric surgery (RBS), and weight trends were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 387 LAGB patients were identified. Of them, 342 (88.4%) had a minimum of 15 years of follow-up (range, 15-21 yr). There were 270 (78.9%) women with a mean age of 40.3 years (range, 15-62 yr) and body mass index (BMI) of 43.1 kg/m² (range, 30.0-60.1 kg/m²) and 72 (21.1%) men with a mean age of 41.2 years (range, 16-61 yr) and BMI of 43.6 kg/m² (range, 33.0-72.5 kg/m²). During follow-up, 283 (82.7%) patients underwent a mean of 3.3 reoperative bariatric operations (range, 1-5), with 224 (65.5%) converted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). At the end of the study period, 96 (28%) patients still had a band in place. No deaths were recorded. At most recent follow-up after LAGB, mean excess BMI loss was 65.4% (range, -9.4% to 134.5%) with significant decrease in co-morbidities.

CONCLUSIONS

Only 28% of patients had sufficient weight loss outcomes after LAGB alone and predictive selection criteria are lacking. The majority of LAGB operations fail even with close structured follow-up. RBS can be performed safely.

Conversion from laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) to one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB): preliminary data from a multicenter retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure, while laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) has been for a decade one of the most popular interventions for weight loss. After LSG and LAGB, some patients may require a second surgery due to weight regain or late complications. One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is a promising bariatric procedure, which provides effective long-term weight loss and has a favorable effect on type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES

To retrospectively analyze data from 10 Italian centers on conversion from LAGB and LSG to OAGB.

SETTING

High-volume centers for bariatric surgery.

METHODS

Prospectively collected data from 10 high-volume centers were retrospectively reviewed. Body mass index (BMI), percentage of excess BMI loss, reasons for redo, remission from co-morbidities (hypertension, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux, and dyslipidemia), and major complications were recorded.

RESULTS

Three hundred patients were included in the study; 196 patients underwent conversion from LAGB to OAGB and 104 were converted from LSG. BMI was 45.1 ± 7 kg/m2 at the time of first intervention, 41.8 ± 6.3 kg/m2 at redo time, and 30.5 ± 5.5 kg/m2 at last follow-up appointment. Mean percentage of excess BMI loss was 13.2 ± 28.2 at conversion and 73.4 ± 27.5 after OAGB. Remission rates from hypertension, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux, and dyslipidemia were 40%, 62.5%, 58.7% and 52%, respectively. Mean follow-up was 20.8 (range, 6-156) months and overall complications rate was 8.6%.

CONCLUSION

Our data show that OAGB is a safe and effective revisional procedure after failed restrictive bariatric surgery.

Metabolic Surgery: Weight Loss, Diabetes, and Beyond

The alarming rise in the worldwide prevalence of obesity is paralleled by an increasing burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic surgery is the most effective means of obtaining substantial and durable weight loss in individuals with obesity. Randomized trials have recently shown the superiority of surgery over medical treatment alone in achieving improved glycemic control, as well as a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms seem to extend beyond the magnitude of weight loss alone and include improvements in incretin profiles, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, observational data suggest that the reduction in cardiovascular risk factors translates to better patient outcomes. This review describes commonly used metabolic surgical procedures and their current indications and summarizes the evidence related to weight loss and glycemic outcomes. It further examines their potential effects on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality and discusses future perspectives.

Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for obesity

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) are common weight loss procedures. Our meta-analysis compared these procedures for the treatment of morbid obesity and related diseases.

METHODS

We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library through January 2018. The percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), improvement or remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension were analyzed and compared.

RESULTS

Thirty-three studies with 4109 patients were included. Greater decreases in excess weight were found in patients who received LSG at 6 months (weighted mean difference (WMD) -9.29, 95% confidence interval (CI): -15.19 to -3.40, P = .002), 12 months (WMD -16.67 95% CI: -24.30 to -9.05, P < .0001), 24 months (WMD -19.63, 95% CI: -29.00 to -10.26, P < .0001), and 36 months (WMD -19.28, 95% CI: -27.09 to -11.47, P < .0001) than in patients who received LAGB. However, there were no significant differences in the 3-month outcomes between the 2 groups (WMD -1.61, 95% CI: -9.96 to 6.73, P = .70). T2DM patients after LSG experience more significant improvement or remission of diabetes (odds ratio (OR): 0.22, 95% CI: 0.06-0.87, P = .03). The 2 groups did not significantly differ regarding improvement or remission of hypertension (OR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.46-1.38, P = .42).

CONCLUSION

LSG is a more effective procedure than LAGB for morbidly obese patients, contributing to a higher %EWL and greater improvement in T2DM.

Long-Term (over 10 Years) Retrospective Follow-up of Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) placements have progressively decreased in recent years. This is related to poor long-term weight loss outcomes and necessity for revision or removal of these bands. Long-term outcome results following LAGB are limited. The aim of our study was to determine the long-term outcome after LAGB at our institution.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of our study was to determine the long-term outcome after LAGB at our institution.

SETTING

The setting of this is Academic Center, Israel.

METHODS

Patients who underwent LAGB between 1999 and 2004 were reviewed. Patient comorbidities and weight loss parameters were collected preoperatively and at defined postoperative periods. Improvement in weight loss was defined as percent excess weight lost, and improvement in comorbidities was defined based on standardized reporting definitions.

RESULTS

In total, 74 (80%) patients who underwent LAGB met inclusion criteria. The mean age at LAGB placement was 50.5 ± 9.6 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 45.5 ± 4.8 kg/m². Preoperative comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (13.5%), hypertension (32%), hyperlipidemia (12.1%), obstructive sleep apnea (5.4%), joints disease (10.8%), mood disorders (5.4%), and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms (8.1%). The mean follow-up was 162.96 ± 13.9 months; 44 patients (59.4%) had their band removed, and 22 (30%) had another bariatric surgery. The follow-up BMI was 35.7 ± 6.9 (p < 0.001), and the % total weight loss was 21.0 ± 0.13. There was no improvement in any of the comorbidities. GERD symptoms worsened at long-term follow-up (p < 0.001). Undergoing another bariatric procedure was associated with a higher weight loss (OR 12.8; CI 95% 1.62-23.9; p = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

LAGB required removal in the majority of our patients and showed poor resolution of comorbidities with worsening of GERD-related symptoms. Patients who go on to have another bariatric procedure have more durable weight loss outcomes.

A long biliopancreatic and short alimentary limb results in more weight loss in revisional RYGB surgery. Outcomes of the randomized controlled ELEGANCE REDO trial

BACKGROUND

For a number of years the laparoscopic adjustable gastric band has been one of the leading bariatric procedures with good short-term outcomes. However, inadequate weight loss, weight regain, and other band-related complications in the long term led to an increase in revisional Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) procedures. Lengthening the biliopancreatic limb, a relatively simple and safe adjustment of the standard technique, could improve the results of the revisional procedure.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effect of a long biliopancreatic limb RYGB (LBP-GB) and standard RYGB (S-GB) as revisional procedure after laparoscopic adjustable gastric band.

SETTING

General hospital specialized in bariatric surgery METHODS: One hundred forty-six patients were randomized in 2 groups; 73 patients underwent an S-GB (alimentary/biliopancreatic limb 150/75 cm), and 73 patients underwent LBP-GB (alimentary/biliopancreatic limb 75/150). Weight loss, remission of co-morbidities, quality of life, and complications were assessed during a period of 4 years.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics between the groups were comparable. At 48 months the follow-up rate was 95%. Mean total weight loss after 24 months was 27% for LBP-GB versus 22% S-GB (P = .015); mean total weight loss after 48 months was 23% and 18%, respectively (P = .036). No significant differences in other parameters were found between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

A LBP-GB as revisional procedure after a failing laparoscopic adjustable gastric band improves short- and long-term total weight loss compared with an S-GB. Together with future modifications this technically simple adjustment of the RYGB could significantly improve disappointing results after revisional surgery.

Imaging following bariatric surgery: roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy

Morbid obesity is an increasing health problem, and bariatric surgery is a popular treatment option. Radiologists must be familiar with performing and interpreting studies in this patient population. The typical post-operative findings of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) procedures on upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series and computerized tomography (CT) are presented. An overview of the potential complications is provided in addition to a description of potential pitfalls in interpreting these studies.

Prevalence of All-Cause Mortality and Suicide among Bariatric Surgery Cohorts: A Meta-Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Prior meta-analysis has reported mortality rates among post-operative bariatric patients, but they have not considered psychiatric factors like suicide contributing to mortality.

OBJECTIVES

The current meta-analysis aims to determine the pooled prevalence for mortality and suicide amongst cohorts using reported suicides post bariatric surgery. It is also the aim of the current meta-analytical study to determine moderators that could account for the heterogeneity found.

RESULTS

In our study, the pooled prevalence of mortality in the studies which reported suicidal mortality was 1.8% and the prevalence of suicide was 0.3%. Mean body mass index (BMI) and the duration of follow-up appear to be significant moderators.

CONCLUSIONS

Given the prevalence of suicide post bariatric surgery, it is highly important for bariatric teams to consider both the medical and psychiatric well-being of individuals pre- and post-operatively.

Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: An Effective Treatment Option for Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease

Obesity is a chronic and debilitating disease that has become a global epidemic. Especially severe in the Unites States, obesity currently affects almost 40% of the population. Obesity has a strong causal relationship with numerous serious comorbidities that impair quality of life, shorten life expectancy, and carry a major economic burden. Obesity has particular relevance to cardiologists because it contributes directly to several major cardiovascular diseases and, consequently, increases overall cardiovascular mortality. Multiple treatment options are available, but metabolic and bariatric surgery offers the most effective and durable treatment for obesity. Moreover, metabolic and bariatric operations alleviate and often completely eliminate numerous comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. With their low risk of complications and morbidity, metabolic and bariatric operations significantly improve quality of life and overall survival, particularly reducing death due to cardiovascular disease.

Cigarette smoking and its impact on weight loss after bariatric surgery: A single center, retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Smoking cessation is often associated with weight gain. This study was conducted to verify whether it affects outcomes of bariatric surgery.

OBJECTIVES

To present cigarette consumption among patients after bariatric surgery in a long-term follow-up and to evaluate whether smoking cessation impacts weight loss.

SETTING

High-volume bariatric center, Military Hospital, Poland.

METHODS

We collected data of patients who underwent bariatric surgery between 2003 and 2009. The data included sex, age, weight, body mass index, and smoking habits. An online survey regarding current weight, co-morbidities, and smoking was distributed. Percentage excess weight loss was calculated with an ideal weight for body mass index of 25 kg/m².

RESULTS

One hundred seven patients had laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding between 2003 and 2006; 47 were included in the study. The mean follow-up time was 11.2 (±1.2). Of patients, 51% (n = 24) were smokers before surgery. In the follow-up 43% (n = 20) were smokers, of whom 4 patients began smoking after surgery. Twenty-seven patients were nonsmokers, 8 of whom quit over the years (33% of previous smokers). One hundred twenty-seven underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy between 2006 and 2009; 84 were included in the study. Our median follow-up was 8.0 years. Thirty-two patients never smoked; 52 were smoking before surgery, yet 24 successfully quit. In both groups there were no statistically significant differences in percentage excess weight loss between smokers and nonsmokers, or between those who quit and did not.

CONCLUSIONS

In the long-term follow-up after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, 33% of smokers quit and 17% previously nonsmoking began smoking. After laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, 46% of previously smoking patients successfully quit. Smoking status was not significantly associated with weight loss.

Medium and long-term results of gastric banding: outcomes from a large private clinic in UK

Background

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) has been an established bariatric procedure for the last three decades and was, for many years, the first-choice procedure for the treatment of chronic obesity. However, more recently, the popularity of the LAGB has been in sharp decline and has been replaced by other procedures such as the Roux-En-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. A key driver in this decline has been the high revision and early explanation rates reported in some studies.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 2246 patients who underwent LAGB at a large private clinic in the UK between June 2004 and October 2014.

Results

2246 patients were included in the study; 1945 (84.6%) were women. All patients were followed up for 2 years following their procedure and subsequent follow up was at the discretion of patients. Mean follow up duration was 43.7 +/− 29.3 months. Operative mortality was zero and there were no in-hospital returns to theatre. Mean preoperative weight and body mass index (BMI) were 111.2 ± 22.1 kg and 39.9 ± 6.7 kg/m² respectively. Mean excess % BMI loss at 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-years of follow-up was 43.1 ± 25.4, 47.9 ± 31.9, 52.4 ± 41.7 and 57.1% ± 28.6 respectively. There was no significant difference in mean excess % BMI loss between those < 50 or ≥ 50 years old (p value = 0.23) or between patients with an initial BMI of < or ≥ 50 kg/m² (p value = 0.65). Complications over nine years occurred in 130 (5.8%) patients and included: 39 (1.7%) slippage or pouch dilatation, 2 (0.04%) erosions and 76 (3.4%) problems related to the access port or LAGB tubing. The overall re-operation rate for LAGB complications was 4.2% over 9 years with a LAGB explantation rate of 1.5%. 39 LAGBs were converted to a sleeve or gastric bypass procedure, 11 of these due to complications.

Conclusion

This is the first study to report on LAGB outcomes from a private clinic in the UK. LAGB is a safe procedure, which delivers significant and durable weight loss with acceptable complications rates and low re-operation rate.

Life with a Gastric Band. Long-Term Outcomes of Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding-a Retrospective Study

Background

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is the third most popular bariatric procedure worldwide. Various authors present ambivalent long-term follow up results.

Methods

We revised records of the patients who underwent LAGB between 2003 and 2006 along with history of additional check-ins. Patients with outdated details were tracked with the national health insurance database and social media (Facebook). An online survey was sent. The patients who did not have their band removed were included in this study. We calculated the percent total weight loss (%TWL) and percent excess weight loss (%EWL), along with changes in body mass index (ΔBMI). Satisfactory weight loss was set at >50% EWL (for BMI = 25 kg/m²). Since eight patients gained weight, we decided to include negative values of %TWL, %EWL, and ΔBMI.

Results

One hundred seven patients underwent LAGB from 2003 to 2006. The mean follow-up time was 11.2 (±1.2) years. Eleven percent of patients were lost to follow up (n = 12). There was one perioperative death. Fifty-four of the patients (n = 57) had their band removed. Thirty-seven patients still have the band (39%) and were included in the study. The mean %EWL was 27% (−56–112%) and %TWL was 11% (−19–53%). Twelve patients achieved %EWL > 50% (32%). Thiry-two patients still suffer from obesity, with BMI over 30 kg/m². Eight patients (22%) gained additional weight. Patients with %EWL > 50% suffered less from gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms than those with EWL < 50% (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Out of 107 cases, only 11.2% of patients with gastric band (n = 12) achieved satisfactory %EWL. Twenty–two percent of patients regained their weight or even exceeded it. Overall results suggest that LAGB is not an effective bariatric procedure in long term observation.

Long-Term Outcomes of the Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding: Weight Loss and Removal Rate. A Single Center Experience on 301 Patients with a Minimum Follow-Up of 10 years

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a chronic disease that requires procedures to enable to maintain good long-term results. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) studies with a long-term follow-up are limited and have often given conflicting results. We report our results in terms of banding life span and weight loss in a cohort of 301 patients operated on LAGB with a minimum follow-up of 10 years.

METHODS

All patients who underwent LAGB at our university hospital between 1998 and 2004 were included in this study. The main outcome was band survival and complications that led to band removal, and the secondary outcome was weight loss. We present raw data and data after imputation for patients lost at follow-up.

RESULTS

Most patients were women (83 %), and the mean body mass index (BMI) baseline was 45.2 ± 6.7. The pars flaccida technique was performed in 50.9 % of the patients. All patients had at least 10 years of follow-up (range 10-16 years). Data were available at 10 years for 79.7 % and at 15 years for 80.6 %. Band survival was 65.8 % at 10 years and 53.3 % at 15 years. Mean excess weight loss (EWL) at 5, 10, and 15 years was 41.4, 38.7, and 35.1 %, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Despite the encouraging short-term results, LAGB shows long-term disappointing results in terms of weight loss and complication rates. The removal rate increases with time (about 3-4 % per year), and at 15 years, almost half of the bands had been removed.

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Versus Sleeve Gastrectomy as Revisional Procedures after Adjustable Gastric Band: 5-Year Outcomes

INTRODUCTION

In 2013, a worldwide bariatric surgery survey showed that laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) has been abandoned in favor of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-y gastric bypass (LRYGBP).

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to compare results of LRYGBP and LSG performed as a revisional procedure after LAGB.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All patients converted from LAGB to LSG or to LRYGBP from January 2007 to December 2011 were included in the study. Clinical data collected were age, gender, indications for revision, complications, body mass index (BMI), and body weight at revisional procedures. Weight loss was calculated at 1, 3, and 5 years after conversion.

RESULTS

Fifty-one patients were included in this study, 43 females and 8 males. Twenty-four patients were converted to LRYGBP (LRYGBP group) and 27 to LSG (LSG group). Indication for conversion was weight loss failure in 34 (67%) patients and band complications in 17 (33%) patients. No significant difference in age, BMI, and body weight in the two groups was found at the time of revision. One patient converted to LRYGBP had an internal hernia; one patient initially scheduled for LSG was intraoperatively converted to LRYGBP due to staple line leak. No other major perioperative complication was observed. Follow-up rate at 5 years was 84.3% (43 patients out of 51 patients) Delta-BMI and percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) were not significantly different in the two groups at 1, 3, and 5 years (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

LRYGBP or LSG are feasible and effective surgical options after LAGB. Satisfactory weight loss was achieved after both procedures.

Long-term outcome of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB): results of a Swiss single-center study of 405 patients with up to 18 years' follow-up

BACKGROUND

In the past, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) seemed to be a promising bariatric procedure. However, many studies showed high rates of reoperation due to complications or insufficient weight loss. There is a lack of long-term studies with follow-up beyond 15 years.

OBJECTIVE

To conduct long-term follow-up of patients after LAGB and analyze their weight loss as a primary endpoint.

SETTING

Tertiary referral center for bariatric surgery, St. Claraspital, Switzerland.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected clinical data in a cohort of 405 patients having undergone LAGB was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 405 patients (age 41±10 years, body mass index [BMI] 44.3±6 kg/m²) were treated with LAGB between 1996 and 2010. Mean follow-up was 13±3 years, with a follow-up rate of 85% (range 8-18 years), corresponding to 343 patients. One hundred patients exceeded 15-year follow-up. In 216 patients (63%), sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch was performed as revisional surgery. Twenty-seven patients (8%) refused revisional surgery after band removal. Finally, 100 patients (29%) still have the band in place, with a mean BMI of 35±7 kg/m², corresponding to an excess BMI loss of 48±27%. Among these, the failure rate was 25%, according to the Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS); 50% had a good to excellent outcome.

CONCLUSION

More than 10 years after LAGB, 71% of patients lost their bands and only 15% of the 343 followed patients with the band in place have a good to excellent result, according to BAROS.

The bariatric surgery and weight losing: a meta-analysis in the long- and very long-term effects of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on weight loss in adults

BACKGROUND

Several studies have been investigated to find the long-term effect of bariatric surgery on weight loss; nevertheless, a meta-analysis can detailedly demonstrate the effect of bariatric surgery on weight in morbidly obese patients. This study aimed to assess the long- and very long-term effects of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on weight loss in adults.

METHODS

An electronic search using PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar databases was performed for all English-language articles up to May 15, 2016 with no publication date restriction. Outcome was long-term (≥5-10 years) and very long-term (≥10 years) weight reduction that reported as the mean %EWL and changes in BMI from baseline.

RESULTS

Eighty articles with 87 arms were included in this meta-analysis. The excess weight loss percentage (%EWL) was 47.94% and 47.43% after LAGB at ≥5 and ≥10 years, respectively. After LRYGB the %EWL was 62.58% at ≥5 years and 63.52% at ≥10 years. It was 53.25% at ≥5 years after LSG. Results of subgroup analyses have indicated that LRYGB leads to higher %EWL in America and Asia compared with Europe. Meta-regression analyses have shown that there is no significant association between %EWL and baseline age, BMI and length of follow-up after three procedures. However, there is a positive association between gender and %EWL after LRYGB (β = 1.24). No publication bias was found.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that LRYGB is an effective procedure in morbidly obese patients that leads to sustainable weight loss over the long- and very long-term periods in compared with LAGB and LSG.

Revisional bariatric surgery after failed laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding - a single-center, long-term retrospective study

Introduction

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) used to be one of the most popular bariatric procedures.

Aim

To present our institution’s experience with LAGB, its complications, causes of failure and revisional bariatric procedures, in a long-term follow-up.

Material and methods

Records of patients who underwent pars flaccida LAGB from 2003 to 2006 were gathered. We selected data on patients with a history of additional bariatric procedures. Their initial demographic data, body mass index and causes of revision were gathered. We analyzed length of stay and early perioperative complications.

Results

60% of patients (n = 57) who underwent LAGB in our institution between 2003 and 2006 had their band removed (out of 107, 11% lost to follow-up). Median time to revisional surgery was 50 months. The main reasons for removal were: weight regain (n = 23; 40%), band slippage (n = 14; 25%), and pouch dilatation (n = 9; 16%). Thirty (53%) patients required additional bariatric surgery, 10 (33%) of which were simultaneous with band removal. The most popular procedures were: laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) (n = 15; 50%), open gastric bypass (n = 8; 27%), and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) – (n = 3; 10%). Mean length of stay (LOS) was 5.4 ±2.0. One (3%) perioperative complication was reported.

Conclusions

The results show that LAGB is not an effective bariatric procedure in long-term follow-up due to the high rate of complications causing band removal and the high rate of obesity recurrence. Revisional bariatric surgery after failed LAGB may be performed in a one-stage approach with band removal.