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Afraid to Seek Care? A fixed effects analysis of State Fetal Protection Legislation and prenatal healthcare utilization from 2002 to 2015. SSM Popul Health 2022; 20:101273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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2
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Smith DT, Mouzon DM, Elliott M. Hegemonic Masculinity and Mental Health Among Older White Men in the U.S.: The Role of Health and Wealth Decline. SEX ROLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hadar-Shoval D, Alon-Tirosh M, Asraf K, Tannous-Haddad L, Tzischinsky O. The Association Between Men's Mental Health During COVID-19 and Deterioration in Economic Status. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221082427. [PMID: 35245985 PMCID: PMC8902012 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221082427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated associations among economic status deterioration, mental health, and gender during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 1,807 participants completed an online questionnaire that included demographic variables and questions measuring three mental health variables: psychological distress (as measured by symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress), adjustment disorder, and emotional eating. Results indicated that women reported higher mental health impairment than men. Men and women whose economic status significantly deteriorated because of the COVID-19 pandemic reported greater mental health impairment than those whose economic status did not significantly deteriorate. However, men whose economic status significantly deteriorated reported high mental health impairment (emotional eating and adjustment difficulties) similar to women in the same situation. This change in men's reporting pattern suggests that the economic impact of COVID-19 severely impacted their mental health and affected how they view their masculinity, which, in turn, further impaired their mental health. As the COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant impact on mental health worldwide, it is important to identify individuals and groups who are at high risk of mental health impairment. The current study demonstrates that men's distress, which is frequently complex to identify, can be detected using standardized measures and analyzing these according to changes in reporting patterns as opposed to simply examining means and frequencies. The results suggest that the COVID-19 crisis may provide an opportunity to understand more about mental health, in particular, that of men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Hadar-Shoval
- Psychology Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Emek Yezreel, Israel
| | - Michal Alon-Tirosh
- Behavioral Sciences Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Emek Yezreel, Israel
| | - Kfir Asraf
- Psychology Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Emek Yezreel, Israel
| | - Lubna Tannous-Haddad
- Behavioral Sciences Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Emek Yezreel, Israel
| | - Orna Tzischinsky
- Educational Counseling Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Emek Yezreel, Israel
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4
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Hamidovic A, Van Hedger K, Choi SH, Flowers S, Wardle M, Childs E. Quantitative meta-analysis of heart rate variability finds reduced parasympathetic cardiac tone in women compared to men during laboratory-based social stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:194-200. [PMID: 32320815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is the inter-beat interval variation between consecutive heartbeats and an autonomic reflection of emotional regulatory abilities to flexibly respond to challenges, such as psychosocial stress. Whereas there are known sex differences in stress-induced hormonal and emotional responses, we identified a gap in our understanding of sex-specific autonomic cardiac control during stress. Thus, we assessed HRV prior to, during and after administration of a public speech task in healthy participants (n = 929) according to sex. Our meta-analysis found that during stress, women had lower HRV than men, with an overall Hedges' g of 0.29 (p < 0.0001) and 0.29 (p = 0.0003) for fixed and random effects models, respectively. We did not find significant heterogeneity or evidence of publication bias. Analyses of additional timepoints showed no baseline difference and marginally lower HRV in women during anticipation and recovery. Findings of the present meta-analysis confirm sex differences in stress-induced hyperarousal and form a justification for implementation of mechanistic studies evaluating gonadal hormones, their potent metabolites and pro-inflammatory cytokines as mediators of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajna Hamidovic
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | | | - So Hee Choi
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Stephanie Flowers
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Margaret Wardle
- University of Illinois at Chicago 1007 W. Harrison St. Chicago IL 60607.
| | - Emma Childs
- University of Illinois at Chicago 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612.
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5
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Scheepers D, Knight EL. Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to shifting status. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:115-119. [PMID: 31430711 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We review recent work on human neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to stable and unstable status. We describe experiments examining inter-personal and inter-group contexts, involving both experimentally created as well as naturalistic (gender, SES) status differences. Across studies the pattern of results is clear: Stable status differences are stressful for those low in status, which is evident from increased cortisol and a cardiovascular response-pattern indicative of threat (low cardiac output, high vascular resistance); however, when status differences are unstable the same effects are found among those high in status, while those low in status show challenge (low vascular resistance, high cardiac output). Potential status-loss also leads to increased testosterone. We discuss implications and suggestions for further research.
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Scheepers D, Ellemers N. Stress and the stability of social systems: A review of neurophysiological research. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2018.1543149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daan Scheepers
- Social and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Lewis BJ, Hesse CL, Cook BC, Pedersen CL. Sexistential Crisis: An Intersectional Analysis of Gender Expression and Sexual Orientation in Masculine Overcompensation. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2018; 67:58-78. [PMID: 30307840 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1525943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Masculine overcompensation-a phenomenon where men react to masculinity threats by endorsing hypermasculine ideals-has been demonstrated among straight men but has yet to be examined among gay men. The current study therefore proposed to examine whether gay men overcompensate similarly to their straight counterparts by providing participants with randomized feedback that threatened their masculinity. Overcompensation was measured in 867 online respondents by administering a series of questionnaires regarding views of pornography, rape, sex roles, and political orientation. Although our hypothesis was not confirmed, results revealed the intersectionality of both sexual orientation and self-reported gender expression regarding the formation of different views and beliefs. Specifically, masculinity was differentially related to homophobic attitudes, more callous views toward victims of sexual assault, and various components of attitudes toward pornography in gay and straight men. Masculine gay males held stereotypically masculine views less strongly than their masculine straight counterparts, providing evidence that gay males adopt a different type of masculinity than straight males-something of a "masculinity lite." Such findings point to the converging influence of sexual orientation and gender expression as contributors relevant to the attitudes of gay and straight men. This information adds to a growing body of literature on differences between gay and straight men and can be used to inform theory, education, and clinical practice, particularly in settings where men grapple with the implications of their masculinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie J Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cassandra L Hesse
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Briana C Cook
- Department of Child and Youth Care, Douglas College, New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cory L Pedersen
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
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Springer KW, Lee C, Carr D. Spousal Breadwinning Across 30 Years of Marriage and Husbands’ Health: A Gendered Life Course Stress Approach. J Aging Health 2017; 31:37-66. [DOI: 10.1177/0898264317721824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Wives increasingly outearn their husbands, and gender relations theory suggests this arrangement may undermine men’s well-being. We explore how long-term histories of spousal breadwinning may be associated with older men’s self-rated mental and physical health, and risk of nine health diagnoses. Method: Using 30 years of couple-level income data from the Health and Retirement Study ( n = 1,095 couples), we use latent class analyses to identify six classes that differ with respect to the timing and level of wife breadwinning. We link these classes to older husbands’ later-life health. Results: Classes that transitioned from husband breadwinning to wife breadwinning in early or later adulthood were associated with husbands’ poorer overall physical health and risk of cardiometabolic and stress-related diseases. Patterns persist net of sociodemographics, depressive symptoms, health behaviors, and adolescent health. Discussion: Violating cultural expectations, such as the masculinity ideal of male breadwinning, is associated with older men’s poorer health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chioun Lee
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Kramer BL, Himmelstein MS, Springer KW. Getting to the Heart of Masculinity Stressors: Masculinity Threats Induce Pronounced Vagal Withdrawal During a Speaking Task. Ann Behav Med 2017; 51:846-855. [PMID: 28401414 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-017-9907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has found that traditional masculinity ideals and behaviors play a crucial role in higher rates of morbidity and mortality for men. Some studies also suggest that threatening men's masculinity can be stressful. Over time, this stress can weigh on men's cardiovascular and metabolic systems, which may contribute to men's higher rates of cardiometabolic health issues. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to explore how masculinity threats affect men's heart rate and heart rate variability reactivity (i.e., vagal withdrawal) to masculinity feedback on a social speaking task. METHODS Two hundred and eighty-five undergraduate males were randomly assigned to one of six conditions during a laboratory-based speech task. They received one of two feedback types (masculinity or control) and one of three feedback levels (low, high, or dropping) in order to assess whether masculinity threats influence heart rate reactivity and vagal withdrawal patterns during the speech task. RESULTS Men who receive low masculinity feedback during the speech task experienced more pronounced vagal withdrawal relative to those who received the control. CONCLUSION Masculinity threats can induce vagal withdrawal that may accumulate over the life course to contribute to men's relatively worse cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Kramer
- Department of Sociology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 26 Nichol Ave, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mary S Himmelstein
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kristen W Springer
- Department of Sociology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 26 Nichol Ave, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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McCrory C, Finucane C, O'Hare C, Frewen J, Nolan H, Layte R, Kearney PM, Kenny RA. Social Disadvantage and Social Isolation Are Associated With a Higher Resting Heart Rate: Evidence From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014; 71:463-73. [PMID: 25481923 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbu163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A high resting heart rate (RHR) represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and individuals from poorer backgrounds have a higher RHR compared with their more advantaged peers. This study investigates the pathways through which low socioeconomic status (SES) contributes to a higher RHR. METHOD The sample involved data for 4,888 respondents who were participating in the first wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Respondents completed a detailed interview at home and underwent a 5-min baseline electrocardiograph recording as part of a clinic-based health assessment. SES was indexed using household income. RESULTS The mean difference in RHR between those at polarized ends of the income distribution was 2.80 beats per minute (bpm) (95% CI = 1.54, 4.06; p < .001), with the magnitude of the socioeconomic differential being greater for men (4.15 bpm; 95% CI = 2.18, 6.12; p < .001) compared with women (1.57 bpm; 95% CI = 0.04, 3.10; p < .05). Psychosocial factors including social network size and loneliness accounted for a sizeable proportion of the socioeconomic differential in RHR, particularly among men. DISCUSSION The finding that poorer people have a higher RHR reinforces the need for additional research exploring the pathways through which social inequalities are translated into biological inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal McCrory
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ciaran Finucane
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Mercer's Institute for Successful Aging, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Celia O'Hare
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Frewen
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hugh Nolan
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Layte
- Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia M Kearney
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Corcaigh, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Stigma, status, and population health. Soc Sci Med 2014; 103:15-23. [PMID: 24507907 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stigma and status are the major concepts in two important sociological traditions that describe related processes but that have developed in isolation. Although both approaches have great promise for understanding and improving population health, this promise has not been realized. In this paper, we consider the applicability of status characteristics theory (SCT) to the problem of stigma with the goal of better understanding social systemic aspects of stigma and their health consequences. To this end, we identify common and divergent features of status and stigma processes. In both, labels that are differentially valued produce unequal outcomes in resources via culturally shared expectations associated with the labels; macro-level inequalities are enacted in micro-level interactions, which in turn reinforce macro-level inequalities; and status is a key variable. Status and stigma processes also differ: Higher- and lower-status states (e.g., male and female) are both considered normal, whereas stigmatized characteristics (e.g., mental illness) are not; interactions between status groups are guided by "social ordering schemas" that provide mutually agreed-upon hierarchies and interaction patterns (e.g., men assert themselves while women defer), whereas interactions between "normals" and stigmatized individuals are not so guided and consequently involve uncertainty and strain; and social rejection is key to stigma but not status processes. Our juxtaposition of status and stigma processes reveals close parallels between stigmatization and status processes that contribute to systematic stratification by major social groupings, such as race, gender, and SES. These parallels make salient that stigma is not only an interpersonal or intrapersonal process but also a macro-level process and raise the possibility of considering stigma as a dimension of social stratification. As such, stigma's impact on health should be scrutinized with the same intensity as that of other more status-based bases of stratification such as SES, race and gender, whose health impacts have been firmly established.
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13
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Abstract
When people have an interest in keeping other people down, in or away, stigma is a resource that allows them to obtain ends they desire. We call this resource "stigma power" and use the term to refer to instances in which stigma processes achieve the aims of stigmatizers with respect to the exploitation, control or exclusion of others. We draw on Bourdieu (1987, 1990) who notes that power is often most effectively deployed when it is hidden or "misrecognized." To explore the utility of the stigma-power concept we examine ways in which the goals of stigmatizers are achieved but hidden in the stigma coping efforts of people with mental illnesses. We developed new self-report measures and administered them to a sample of individuals who have experienced mental illness to test whether results are consistent with the possibility that, in response to negative societal conceptions, the attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of people with psychosis lead them to be concerned with staying in, propelled to stay away and induced to feel downwardly placed - precisely the outcomes stigmatizers might desire. Our introduction of the stigma-power concept carries the possibility of seeing stigmatizing circumstances in a new light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Link
- Columbia University, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA.
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